NEW STEP IN THE CONTROL OF CANINE RABIES IN INDIA

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NEW STEP IN THE CONTROL OF CANINE RABIES IN INDIA

H.K. Pradhan1, J.P. Gurbuxani2, F. Cliquet3, B.
Pattnaik1, S.S. Patil1, A. Regnault4, H.
Begouen4, A.L. Guiot5, R. Sood1, P. Mahl4, R.
Singh1, E. Picard3, M.F.A. Aubert6, J. Barrat3,
F.X. Meslin7

• 1 HSADL-High Security Animal Disease Laboratory,
  Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand
  Nagar, Bhopal 462021, Madhya Pradesh, India
• 2 Petswill, Kesar Complex, Malhar Road, Gurudev
  Nagar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
• 3 AFSSA, National Research Laboratory on Rabies
  and Wildlife Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre
  for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control,
  OIE Reference Laboratory on Rabies, EU Reference
  Institute for Rabies Serology, Technopole
  Agricole et Vétérinaire, BP 40009, Malzéville,
  France
• 4 VIRBAC Laboratories, B.P. 27, 06511 Carros
  Cedex, France
• 5 Conseils en Pharmacie et Biologie, Santé, 69110
  Sainte Foy les Lyon, France
• 6 AFSSA, Small Ruminants and Bee Research
  Laboratory, 105 route des Chappes, BP 111,
  F-06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
• 7 World Health Organization, Department of
  Communicable Diseases, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland

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EPIDEMIOLOGY

• India has 27 million dogs ( Dog Human ratio 1
  40 )
• Stray dog population 80
• Animal bite incidence 17.5 million per year
• - 66
  children
• Every 2 seconds a man is bitten by dog
• Every ½ Hour a man dies of rabies
• More than 20000 human death every year
• 40 of people bitten by dogs do not go for
  treatment

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EPIDEMIOLOGY CONT.

• India has highest incidence of rabies in the
  world(80)
• 96 human rabies due to dog bite, out of which
  11 due to pet dog bite
• Rest 4 due to contact with jackals, cats,
  monkeys, mongoose etc.
• For the last 10 years human death figure is
  constant.
• In army 1 death per 6 lakh soldiers
• Death in other animals Data not available
• Death of one cattle per 1 lakh cattle ( 2830 )

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RABIES CONTROL PROGRAMME IN INDIA

• No systematic programme
• Animal Birth Control ( ABC )
• Catch, neuter, vaccinate and release 1.4
  lakh (0.52 )
  
• Neutering policies not well defined
• Vaccination of reservoir population
• 
  Best choice
• India spends Rs 1500 crores ( US 375m)
• for rabies vaccine in humans

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RABIES CONTROL PROGRAMME IN INDIA ( CONTD..)

• Availability of vaccines
• Nervous tissue vaccine Discontinued in Nov.
  2004 but used in some places
• Tissue culture vaccine - Limited supply
• Oral rabies vaccine Not available
• Annual requirement 30 million doses
• Available 18 million doses
• Net deficit 12 million doses
• Introduction of oral vaccine ( SAG 2 )
• Testing under Indian conditions - must

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SAFETY AND EFFICACY STUDIES ON ORAL VACCINE
(SAG-2)

• PREPARATIONS
• All the dogs were dewormed and vaccinated against
  canine distemper, Rubarth hepatitis, parvo virus
  and leptospirosis.
• Pre-vaccinated animals tested for antibody and
  virus.
• Immunosupression with Vetalog-4 Inj. of 1.2 mg.

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SAFETY AND EFFICACY STUDIES ON ORAL VACCINE
(SAG-2)

• Vaccine Safety
• Group-I (normal dogs) vaccinated - 4
• Group-II (Immunosuppressed) vaccinated- 5
• Group-III Control -3
• Vaccine Efficacy
• Group-IV (vaccinated challenged) 9
• Group-V (Unvaccinated challenged) 5
• Challenged I/M with street virus ( 100 MICLD50)
  on 28th day

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SAFETY AND EFFICACY STUDIES ON ORAL VACCINE
(SAG-2)

• Clinical observation
• Safety trial 219 days
• Efficacy trial 199 days
• Saliva collection- For excretion of vaccine virus
  (D0 to D5)
• Neutralizing antibody detection after vaccination
  D0, D14, D28, D56

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RESULTS

• Bait acceptance 2-20 minutes.
• Safety No side effects in vaccinated dogs.
• All 9 vaccinated and challenged dogs survived (90
  days post challenge)
• All the 5 unvaccinated challenged dogs died
  within 25-35 days.
• All the control challenged dogs had virus in
  hippocampus and salivary glands. ( FAT)
• No virus detected in vaccinated and challenged
  dogs.
• Neutralizing antibodies ( gt0.5IU/ml)
• 14 days post vaccination - 5/13 did not
  persist
• 28 days post vaccination - 4/13
• 56 days post vaccination - 5/13
• Unvaccinated dogs - No antibody.
• Antibodies present in 7/13 dogs

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FIELD TRIALS ON BATING
Bait Acceptance 92
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BAITING OF STRAY DOGS
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PILOT PROJECT ON ORAL RABIES VACCINATION OF STRAY
DOGS

• Indian Govt. approved the project for
• 5 years
• No. of doses to be used 0.8 million
• 1st year - 0.1 million doses
• 2nd year - 0.1 million doses
• 3rd year - 0.2 million doses
• 4th year - 0.2 million doses
• 5th year - 0.2 million doses

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WHO recommendations for the implementation of
oral vaccination projects

• The "road map" of a national strategy could be
• To select one or several candidate vaccines.
• To choose an already available bait or to
  develop a new one
• To evaluate the acceptability of the chosen
  bait(s) in the target population
• To conduct dog population studies to better
  define the target populations for parenteral and
  oral immunization
• To estimate vaccination coverage established in
  a given community by oral and parenteral
  immunization
• To monitor the rabies situation in dogs, other
  species and human
• To provide sufficient information to the public
  to secure public support and cooperation.

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CONCLUSION

• In India with 27 million dogs animal
• birth control ( CNVR ) is not a solution.
• Vaccination is the best choice parenteral
• for accessible dogs and oral vaccination
  for
• non-accessible dogs
• Shortage of conventional vaccines
• ORV ( SAG-2 ) is convenient in immunization
• of stray dogs
• Bait acceptance is 92
• ORV is safe for people who live close to
• dogs as no salivary secretion of virus
• Safe for dogs as no adverse clinical
• signs and no replication of virus

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• Thank You