Population and Urbanization

1
Chapter 20

• Population and Urbanization

2
Chapter Outline

• Population
• Theories of Population Growth
• Population and Social Inequality
• Urbanization

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The City of God Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

• Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is one of the worlds
  most beautiful cities.
• With a population of more than 12 million in
  2002, it is the 18th biggest metropolitan area in
  the world.
• Not all are well off, slums are home to about 20
  of the citys inhabitants.

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The City of God Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

• Brazils 41 million people in 1940 multiplied to
  about 180 million in 2004.
• The country is now more urbanized than the United
  States, with more than 3/4 of its population
  living in urban areas.

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1 The Population Explosion

• 10,000 years before the birth of Christ there
  were only about 6 million people in the world.
• By the time Christ was born, world population had
  risen to 250 million, and it increased to some
  760 million by 1750.
• The number of humans reached 1 billion in 1804
  and 5 billion in 1987.

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2 The Population Explosion

• In 2005, there was an estimated 6.4 billion
  people in the world according to the U.S. Census
  Bureau.
• Where 1 person stood 12,000 years ago, there are
  now 1067 people.
• Statistical projections suggest that by 2100,
  there will be about 1700 people.

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3 World Population, (projected)
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4 Agesex Pyramid
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5 Question

• There should be government intervention in
  determining the maximum number of children people
  can have.
• Strongly agree
• Agree somewhat
• Unsure
• Disagree somewhat
• Strongly disagree

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6 How Demographers Analyze Population Changes and
Composition

• The basic equation of population change is P2
  P1 B - D I - E.
• P2 is population change.
• P1 is population size.
• B is the number of births.
• D is the number of deaths.
• I is the number of immigrants arriving.
• E is the number of emigrants leaving.

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7 Malthusian Theory of Population Growth

• While food supplies increase slowly, populations
  grow quickly.
• Only war, pestilence, and famine can keep human
  population growth in check.

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8 Critiques of Malthus

• Technological advances have allowed rapid growth
  in how much food is produced for each person on
  the planet.
• This is the opposite of the slow growth Malthus
  predicted.

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9 Critiques of Malthus

• Malthus thought the population couldnt grow much
  larger in late-18th-century Western Europe
  without positive checks coming into play.
• The Western European population increased from
  187 million people in 1801 to 321 million in
  1900. It has now stabilized at about half a
  billion.

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10 Critiques of Malthus

• Population growth does not always produce misery.
  
• Despite rapid population increases, Western
  Europe is one of the most prosperous regions in
  the world.

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11 Critiques of Malthus

• Helping the poor does not generally result in the
  poor having more children.
• Although the human sexual urge is as strong as
  Malthus thought, people have developed
  contraceptive to control the consequences of
  sexual activity.

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12 Malthusian trap

• The Malthusian trap refers to a cycle of
  population growth followed by an outbreak of war,
  pestilence, or famine that keeps population
  growth in check.

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Question

• Malthus theory of population is based on which
  of the following arguments?
• people are driven by a strong sexual urge
• population size grows geometrically
• food supply increases arithmetically
• all of these choices

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Answer d

• Malthus theory of population is based on the
  following arguments people are driven by a
  strong sexual urge, population size grows
  geometrically, and food supply increases
  arithmetically.

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Renewable Resources, World, Change, 19902010
(projected)
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13 Demographic Transition Theory

• Explains how changes in fertility and mortality
  affected population growth from preindustrial to
  postindustrial times.
• The crude death rate is the annual number of
  deaths per 1000 people in a population.
• The crude birth rate is the annual number of live
  births per 1000 women in a population.

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13 Demographic Transition Theory 4 Stages

• Pre-industrial era - crude birth rates and crude
  death rates were high and population growth was
  slow.
• Early industrialization - crude death rates fell,
  population growth was rapid.

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13 Demographic Transition Theory 4 Stages

• Later in industrialization era - values about
  having children changed, the crude birth rate
  fell, resulting in slow growth again.
• Postindustrial era - crude death rate has risen
  above the crude birth rate in many societies.

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Demographic Transition Theory
24
Question

• Demographic transition theory holds that, during
  the early industrial period, the population
  experienced
• a fast increase
• a slow increase
• no increase or decline
• a slow decline

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Answer a

• Demographic transition theory holds that, during
  the early industrial period, the population
  experienced a fast increase.

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14 Replacement Level

• The number of children that each woman must have
  on average for population size to remain stable.
• Ignoring any inflow of population from other
  countries and any outflow to other countries, the
  replacement level is 2.1.

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15 Immigration and Emigration

• Immigration, or in-migration, is the inflow of
  people into one country from one or more other
  countries and their settlement in the
  destination country.
• Emigration, or out-migration, is the outflow of
  people from one country and their settlement in
  one or more other countries.

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16 Countries with Lowest Fertility Rates, 2003
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17 Countries with Highest Fertility Rates, 2003
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18 Fertility Rates Worlds Three Biggest
Countries
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19 Case Study Kerala

• Kerala is a state in India with more than 30
  million people.
• Kerala had a total fertility rate of 1.8 in 1991,
  half of Indias national rate and far less than
  the replacement level of 2.1.

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19 Case Study Kerala

• The government of Kerala solved overpopulation by
  increasing gender equality
• Organized programs to educate women and increase
  participation in the paid labor force.
• Made family planning widely available.
• Today, Keralan women have the highest literacy
  rate, the highest labor force participation rate,
  and the highest rate of political participation
  in India.

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20 Sex Ratio

• The ratio of women to men.
• In the United States in 2000, the sex ratio was
  about 1.03 (103 women for every 100 men).
• In the world as a whole, there were just 98 women
  for every 100 men in 2000.
• In India and China, there were only 94 women for
  every 100 men.

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20 Sex Ratio

• The sex ratio is low where women have less access
  to health services, medicine, and adequate
  nutrition than do men.
• In China and India, some parents prefer sons over
  daughters and sex-selective abortion contributes
  to the low sex ratio.
• In highly developed countries, women and men have
  equal access to health services, medicine, and
  adequate nutrition, and sex-selective abortion is
  very rare.

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21 Urbanization
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22 Worlds 5 Largest Metropolitan Areas, 1900
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Worlds 5 Largest Metropolitan Areas, 1900
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Worlds 5 Largest Metropolitan Areas, 2015
(projected)
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Worlds 5 Largest Metropolitan Areas, 2015
(projected)
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22 Question

• If you could live anywhere in the United States
  that you wanted to, would you prefer a city,
  suburban area, small town, or farm?
• City
• Suburban area
• Small town
• Farm

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23 Chicago School

• Described the arrangement of the industrial city
  as expanding concentric circles
• The main business, entertainment, and shopping
  area is in the center.
• The class position of residents increases as from
  inner to outer rings.

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24 Concentric Zone Model Chicago (1920)
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• Central city
• Suburban residential areas
• Circumferential highway
• Radial highway
• Shopping mall
• Industrial district
• Office park
• Service center
• Airport complex
• Combined employment and shopping center

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25 After Chicago A Critique

• Social isolation, stress, emotional withdrawal
  and other problems may be as common in rural as
  in urban areas.
• The patterns discovered are most applicable to
  American industrial cities in the first quarter
  of the 20th century.
• Presents urban growth as a natural process,
  slighting historical, political, and economic
  foundations in capitalist industrialization.

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26 Human Ecology

• A theoretical approach to urban sociology that
  borrows ideas from biology and ecology to
  highlight the links between the physical and
  social dimensions of cities and identify the
  dynamics and patterns of urban growth.

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27 Human Ecology

• Differentiation in the theory of human ecology
  refers to the process by which urban populations
  and their activities become more complex and
  heterogeneous over time.

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28 Human Ecology

• Competition in the theory of human ecology refers
  to the struggle by different groups for optimal
  locations in which to reside and set up their
  businesses.
• Ecological succession in the theory of human
  ecology refers to the process by which a distinct
  urban group moves from one area to another and a
  second group comes in to replace the group that
  has moved out.

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Question

• Differentiation in the theory of human ecology
  refers to
• vivid and detailed descriptions and analyses of
  urban life
• borrowing of ideas from biology and ecology to
  highlight the links between the physical and
  social dimensions of cities
• process by which urban populations become more
  complex and heterogenous over time

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Answer c

• Differentiation in the theory of human ecology
  refers to the process by which urban populations
  and their activities become more complex and
  heterogenous over time.

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29 New Urban Sociology

• Emerged in the 1970s and stresses that city
  growth is a process rooted in power relations and
  the urge to profit.

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30 Corporate City

• The growing post-World War II perception and
  organization of the North American city as a
  vehicle for capital accumulation.

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31 Suburbanism

• A way of life outside city centers that is
  organized mainly around the needs of children and
  involves higher levels of conformity and
  sociability than life in the central city.

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32 Gated Communities, Exurbs, and Edge Cities

• Metropolitan areas include
• gated communities - Residents pay high taxes to
  keep the community patrolled and walled off from
  the outside world.
• exurbs - Rural residential areas within commuting
  distance of the city.
• edge cities - Exurban clusters of malls and
  offices at the convergence point of major
  highways.

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20 Largest Cities in the United States, 2003
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20 Largest Cities in the United States, 2003
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20 Largest Cities in the United States, 2003
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33 Gentrification

• The process of middle-class people moving into
  rundown areas of the inner city and restoring
  them.

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34 The Postmodern City3 Features

• Access to formerly public spaces is limited to
  those who can afford to pay.
• A variety of lifestyles and subcultures based on
  race, ethnicity, immigrant status, class, sexual
  orientation, etc.
• More globalized than the corporate city.

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35 Change in Population of High-Poverty
Neighborhoods, United States, 19902000
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Quick Quiz
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• 1. According to Malthus, what forces hold
  population growth in check?
• "preventive" measures such as abortion and
  infanticide
• "positive checks" such as war, pestilence, and
  famine
• "religious checks" such as abstinence and
  self-denial
• "preventive" measures such as abortion and
  infanticide, and "positive checks" such as war,
  pestilence, and famine

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Answer d

• According to Malthus, "preventive" measures such
  as abortion and infanticide, and "positive
  checks" such as war, pestilence, and famine hold
  population growth in check.

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• 2. According to demographic transition theory, in
  the pre-industrial period
• the crude birth rate was low
• the crude birth rate was high
• the crude death rate was high
• the crude birth rate was low, and the crude death
  rate was high
• the crude birth rate was high, and the crude
  death rate was high

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Answer e

• According to demographic transition theory, in
  the pre-industrial period the crude birth rate
  was high, and the crude death rate was high.

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• 3. What policies have been followed in Kerala, a
  state in India, to reduce the fertility rate to a
  manageable level?
• The government pursued a policy of rapid
  industrialization.
• The government strictly enforced a childbirth
  policy similar to China's
• The government organized programs to educate
  women and increase their participation in the
  labor force.
• All of these choices

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Answer c

• In Kerala, a state in India, the government
  organized programs to educate women and increase
  their participation in the labor force.

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• 4. The idea that industrialization is the only
  factor underlying urbanization is inaccurate
  because
• cities existed in the ancient era as
  administrative and religious centers
• international trade stimulated urban growth in
  pre-industrial Europe and the Middle East
• urbanization is not occurring at a rapid rate in
  the world's poor countries
• a. and b.

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Answer d

• The idea that industrialization is the only
  factor underlying urbanization is inaccurate
  because cities existed in the ancient era as
  administrative and religious centers and
  international trade stimulated urban growth in
  pre-industrial Europe and the Middle East.

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• 5. _________________ are rural residential
  areas within commuting distance of a city.

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Answer exurbs

• Exurbs are rural residential areas within
  commuting distance of a city.