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Ch 22 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System

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Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System. Bacterial Diseases (upper) ... Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Ch 22 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System


1
Ch 22 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System
  • Structures
  • Normal microbiota
  • Upper respiratory system infections
  • Bacterial upper respiratory system infections
  • Viral upper respiratory system infections
  • Lower respiratory system infections
  • Bacterial lower respiratory system infections
  • Viral lower respiratory system infections
  • Fungal lung infections

2
Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System
  • Bacterial Diseases (upper)
  • Streptococcal respiratory diseases
  • Diphtheria
  • Sinusitis and otitis media
  • Viral Diseases (upper)
  • Common cold
  • Bacterial Diseases (lower)
  • Bacterial pneumonias
  • Pneumoncoccal
  • Primary atypical (mycoplasmal)
  • Klebsiella
  • Legionellosis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Pertussis
  • Inhalational anthrax
  • Viral Diseases (lower)
  • Influenza
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
  • Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)
  • Other viral respiratory diseases
  • Fungal Infections (lower)
  • Coccidiomycosis
  • Blastomycosis
  • Histoplasmosis
  • Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)

3
Structures of the respiratory system
4
Structures commonly involved in upper respiratory
infections
  • infection
    conjunctivitis
  • infection of
    tear ducts dacryocystitis
  • infection otitis
    media


  • infections sinusitis or mastoiditis

  • infections pharyngitis
  • infection
    epiglottitis

5
Structures commonly involved in lower respiratory
infections
  • inflammation
    laryngitis
  • inflammation
    bronchitis
  • infection
    bronchiolitis
  • inflammation of
    lungs/ fluid build-up pneumonitis

6
Mucociliary Escalator
  • Membranes of respiratory system coated with mucus
  • Mucous membranes composed of ciliated cells
  • Cilia propel mucous film away from lungs
  • Mucous is swallowed ?

7
Normal Flora
  • Mastoid air cells, middle ear, sinuses, trachea,
    bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli normally
    _______
  • S. aureus carried by 20 of population in ______
  • streptococci,
    Moraxella, diptheroids, Staphylococcus
  • Common pathogenic bacteria in cooler seasons
    Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae,
    Neisseria meningitidis

8
  • Bacterial infections of the respiratory system

9
Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases
  • Symptoms
  • Red throat, often pus and tiny hemorrhages
    enlargement of lymph nodes in neck
  • May include abscess formation on tonsils
  • Late complications
  • Causative agent
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Pathogenesis
  • Virulence associated with inhibition of
    phagocytosis and production of other virulent
    factors
  • Attaches to mucous membranes

10
Streptococcus pyogenes
11
Cell envelope of Streptococcus pyogenes
12
Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factors
13
Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases
  • Epidemiology
  • Most cases occur in winter/ spring
  • Ingestion of contaminated food
  • Prevention and treatment
  • Daily penicillin to prevent recurrence in
    patients with rheumatic heat disease
  • 10 day penicillin or erythromycin to treat

14
The Common Cold
  • Symptoms
  • Scratchy throat, nasal discharge, malaise,
    headache, cough
  • Causative agent(s)
  • Rhinoviruses ssRNA
  • Coronaviruses ssRNA
  • Adenoviruses dsDNA
  • Paramyxoviruses ssRNA
  • Pathogenesis
  • Epidemiology
  • Prevention and treatment
  • Handwashing avoid people with colds
  • Control of symptoms
  • No vaccine because of lack of common antigens

15
Rhinovirus
16
Chest X-ray of Pneumococcal Pneumonia
17
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
  • Symptoms
  • Cough, fever, chill, shortness of breath, chest
    pain
  • Causative agent

  • capsule bacteria
  • stimulates
    endocytosis of bacteria
  • lyses host cells,
    suppresses phagosome-lysosome fusion
  • Pathogenesis
  • Inhalation, colonization of alveoli ?
  • Fluid buildup in alveoli
  • Epidemiology
  • Carriers risk with alcoholism, narcotic use,
    chronic lung disease, viral infections
  • Prevention and treatment

  • conjugate vaccine for infants
  • Treatment with penicillin, erythromycin and others

18
Streptococcus pneumoniae
19
Primary atypical (Mycoplasmal) pneumonia
  • Symptoms
  • Gradual onset of cough, fever, malaise, headache,
    sore throat, excessive sweating
  • Unproductive cough
  • Causative agent
  • Pleomorphic, no cell wall
  • Capsule, adhesins
  • Pathogenesis
  • Cells attach to ,
    inhibit
  • Epidemiology
  • Inhalation of infected droplets, mild infections
    spread disease
  • Prevention and treatment
  • Treatment with tetracycline or erythromycin
  • No vaccine

20
Pleomorphic Mycoplasma
21
Klebsiella Pneumonia
  • Symptoms
  • Chills, fever, cough, chest pain and bloody,
    thick, bloody sputum, recurrent chills
  • Causative agent
  • Gram(-) bacillus
  • Capsule
  • Pathogenesis
  • Aspiration of colonized mucus in throat
  • Destruction of
    spread via
  • Epidemiology
  • at
    higher risk
  • Prevention and treatment
  • Treatment with cephalosporin and aminoglycoside
  • No vaccine

22
Klebsiella pneumoniae
23
Types of Pnuemonia
24
Tuberculosis
  • Symptoms
  • Chronic fever, weight loss, cough, bloody sputum
  • Causative agent
  • Slow-growing
  • protects
    against lysis following phagocytosis

  • antimicrobial drugs, detergents, desiccation
  • growth
    of cells in cords
  • Pathogenesis
  • Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
  • 1º tuberculosis, 2º tuberculosis, disseminated
    tuberculosis
  • Survive ingestion by alveolar macrophages

  • pathogen carried by macrophages to
    bone marrow, spleen, kidneys, CNS

25
Primary tuberculosis formation of tubercules
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