Australopithecus

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Australopithecus

• Southern Ape
• 4.5 million to 1 million years ago

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Who were they and what did they look like?

• 1st known hominid
• longer arms and shorter legs than modern man
• powerful jaws
• brain size one third to one half the size of
  man today
• height 3 feet to 3 feet 6 inches (about)
• weight 80 pounds
• no evidence to indicate amount of hair or skin
  color

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When and where did they live?

• lived in Africas Rift Valley
• lived on savannas, near water

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How did they live?

• family groups of about 25 hominids
• cooperative members
• nomadic-had no permanent home
• no known language, tools
• more than half died before adulthood

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What did they eat?

• foraged (searched) for food
• Omnivores (ate meat and plants)
• fruit,nuts, roots, birds, eggs, fish, lizards,
• small game, insects, carrion (decaying
• flesh), berries

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How do we know they existed?

• Australopithecus skeleton found by
• Donald Johanson and Thomas Gray in
• Ethiopia in 1974
• A female named Lucy Lucy in the
• Sky with Diamonds, Beatles
• A series of footsteps discovered by Mary
• Leakey.

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What other animals lived at the time?

• saber-toothed tigers lion leopards
• hyenas fish seabirds
• baboons flamingo crocodiles
• pigs monkeys rats
• hippos antelopes hyraxes
• dinotheriums --(elephants with 4 tusks 2 in each
  jaw)

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Vocabulary

• archaeologist-scientist who studies life and
  culture of ancient people by studying ancient
  cities, relics, and artifacts.
• hominid-distant cousin of humans
• hyrax-small mammal that looked like a rabbit
• savanna-open plain in a tropical region with
  seasonal rains, trees, and grass.

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Lucy- Australopithecus Afarensis
Lucy was found by Donald Johanson and Tom Gray
on the 24th of November, 1974, at the site of
Hadar in Ethiopia In their celebration of
their discovery the Beatles song Lucy in the Sky
With Diamonds was playing over and over.
The real Lucy is stored in a specially
constructed safe in the Paleoanthropology
Laboratories of the National Museum of Ethiopia
in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In life, she
would have stood about three-and-a-half feet
tall, and weighed about 60 to 65 pounds.
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Australopithecus Africanus
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Australopithecus Afarensis
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Australopithecus Afarensis (Walking with Cavemen
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Australopithecus Africanus
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Australopithecus Afarensis
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Australopithecus Species

• Australopithecus Afarensis
• Australopithecus Boisei
• Australopithecus Africanus
• Australopithecus Robustus

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Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, The Beatles

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vA7F2X3rSSCU

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Homo Habilis

• Handy Man
• 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago

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Who were they and what did they look like?

• Homo, a hominid must have a larger brain
  than Australopithecus and be able to make tools.
• larger, more developed brain
• Pygmy sized
• height 3 feet 5 inches
• weight 113 pounds
• First tool making hominid
• their survival depended on ability to make tools

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When and where did they live?

• lived during the Paleolithic Age
• 2.5-1.5 million years ago

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How did they live?

• Nomadic
• hunters/gatherers
• scavenged meat by frightening animals from
  their kills
• hunted in groups
• may have built shelters with branches
• used tools for cutting raw meat and skins
• may have been able to communicate

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What kinds of tools did they have?

• used materials like antlers, bones, and stones
• stones like basalt and chert were chipped to
  make sharp edges on tools
• types of tools choppers, scrapers, and
  blades

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What did they eat?

• remains uncovered at campsites show
• these foods were eaten
• raw meat
• small prey figs berries
• shoots tubers greens
• nuts insects eggs
• catfish frogs birds
• rodents

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What other animals lived at the time?

• rhinos elephants tortoises ostriches
• lizards shore birds
• vultures

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How do we know they existed?

• One complete skeleton assembled from 16 different
  individuals.
• jaws arms legs teeth ribs
  pelvis feet hands vertebrae
• 6 skulls

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Vocabulary

• basalt igneous rock
• chert flintlike quartz found in limestone
• Paleolithic Age Old Stone Age, where stones were
  used for tools
• tuber underground stem of a plant (potato)
• culture the concepts, habits, skills, art,
  instruments, of a given people at a given time.

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Homo Erectus

• Upright Man
• 1.6 million years ago to 250,000 years ago

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Who were they and what did they look like?

• First hominid to travel outside Africa
• First to walk upright
• stocky build
• height 5 feet to 5 feet 6 inches
• weight 140 pounds
• Massive brow ridges
• Smaller teeth
• Protrusive jaw
• Receding forehead-short and sloping

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When and where did they live?

• lived during the Paleolithic Age
• 1.6 million to 250,000 years ago
• lived in Africa, Asia, and Europe
• lived in a variety of environments
• (savannas, woodlands, tundra)
• Lived a half million years as the only
  hominid

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How did they live?

• Nomadic, hunters/gatherers
• controlled fire and cooked food
• lived in groups of 4 to 30
• built rough shelter with a fire pit inside
• lived in caves in colder climate
• sat on animal skins
• hunting skills increased
• may have comunicated with others

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What kinds of tools did they have?

• Awls picks choppers bolas chisels scrap
  ers hammer stones cleavers, spears
• punches axes
• made bifacial tools
• made fire by striking two flints together to
  produce sparks

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What did they eat?

• seeds, nuts, roots, bulbs, grasses, berries
• cherries, bark, fungi
• campsites showed they ate ostrich eggs,
• oysters, mussels, limpets, birds

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What other animals lived at the time?

• mtn goats boars oxen sheep giraffes
  deer hyenas leopards
• buffalo

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How do we know they existed?

• China skeletal remains of 40 individuals
• Over 20,000 tools and artifacts found
• Africa 2 partial skeletons and 20 partial
  skulls
• Java 1st H.E. hominid discovered there

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Vocabulary

• bifacial-having two faces or surfaces alike
• bola-a weapon made of two or more stones tied to
  the ends of strong hide cords
• brow-ridge over the eye
• protrusive-bulging

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• Homo Sapiens
• Wise man or Neanderthal
• 100,000 to 35,000 years ago

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Who were they and what did they look like?

• known as Neanderthal Human
• shorts hands and flat head
• large fingerstips and joints
• height 5 feet 8 inches
• weight 150 pounds
• brain almost equal to ours

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When and where did they live?

• lived during the Paleolithic Age Ice Age
• 100,000 to 35,000 years ago
• lived in Africa, Asia, and Europe
• First remains discovered in Neander Valley,
• Germany

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How did they live and adapt to their environment?

• Nomadic, hunters/gatherers
• wore heavy skins to protection from cold
• lived in caves or small hut-like structures
• used fire for cooking and warmth
• adapted to colder climates

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What kind of culture did they have?

• cared for disabled, sick, and elderly
• buried dead/used caves as cemeteries
• may have practiced medicine(used plants)
• Had hunting rituals(drank blood of
• animals)/funerals

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What kinds of tools did they have?

• stone knives awls
• choppers hand axes
• scrapers spears
• spear sharpeners

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What did they eat?

• mammoths buffalo camel
• ostrich antelope gazelles
• jackals fox wart hogs
• Turtles birds bone
• marrow rabbit reindeer
• plants

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Vocabulary

• awl- pointed instrument for piercing holes in
  skins and wood
• Ice Age -long period when climate was very cold
  large areas were covered with ice.
• mammoth- large hairy elephant with curved tusks
• marrow-soft, fatty tissue in side bones
• ritual-prescribed procedure for a religious or
  other rite

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• Homo Sapiens Sapiens
• Cro-Magnon Humans
• 35,000/40,000 to present?

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Who were they and what did they look like?

• known as Modern Human
• named after a cave in France (1st remains
• here- Lascaux)
• brain essentially the same size as ours
• height 5 feet 6 inches to 6 feet 6 inches
• long skull, high forehead, tall, and slender

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When and where did they live?

• during the end of the Paleolithic Age Ice Age
• 40,000 to present????
• lived in N. and S. America, Europe, Asia, Africa
• developed many different cultures
• simultaneously
• crossed to the Americas over the land bridges at
  
• the Bering Strait

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How did they live and adapt to their environment?

• hunters/gatherers
• specialized in hunting big game
• like mammoths, bison, musk ox,
• giant elk, ibex, and reindeer
• First to herd animals
• learned animals habits and paths of migration
• lived in large family groups(30-100)
• clothing made and sewn from skins
• lived in huts, tents, and caves

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What tools did they use?

• tools varied from region to region
• scrapers burins harpoons
• needles bone spear heads knives adzes spear
  throwers fish hooks thin blades

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What did they eat?

• Woolly mammoths bear fish bison buffalo c
  amel antelope nuts gazelles turtle birds
  fruits
• bone marrow shellfish reindeer plants
• meats were cooked and preserved by the cold

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What kind of culture did they have?

• buried dead
• communicated through spoken word
• communicated through art
• drew pictures of animals in caves (France and
• Spain)
• concept of religion and afterlife
• colonized huge areas (except Americas)

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Contributions from Cro-Magnon Humans

• first artists
• sculptures of women and horses
• Oil Lamps
• used different colors in painted
• kept track of time
• fired clay
• first form of trading with others(usually on the
  hunts)
• decorated clothing with shells and ivory
• jewelry(necklaces)
• needles
• sewing
• clothing
• migration
• improved tools and weapons

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What happened to Homo Sapiens Sapiens?

• 12,000 B.C.
• Climate warmed
• Mammoths disappeared
• Rhino disappeared
• Living habits changed

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What happened to Homo Sapiens Sapiens?

• 10,000 B.C.
• first villages appeared
• first farming began
• first cultivated plants(1st food producers)
• first domestication of animals
• transitions of Hunters/Gatherers to farmers

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Vocabulary

• adze-cutting tool for shaping wood
• burin-chisel-like tool for shaping needles or
  spearheads
• concept-an idea
• cultivate-growing plants
• domesticate-to tame
• ivory-bonelike material from tusks
• migrate-travel from region to region
• simultaneous-happening at the same time
• strait-narrow channel connecting two bodies of
  water