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The Roots and Branches of Psychology

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Title: The Roots and Branches of Psychology


1
The Roots and Branches of Psychology
  • Changing perspectives of the mind, reality, and
    the acquisition of knowledge

2
Early Philosophers Contribute
  • Aristotle
  • Empiricism
  • Tabula Rasa
  • Plato
  • Nativist
  • veined marble

3
Psychology as a Science
  • Wilhelm Wundt establishes a laboratory and a
    science (1879)
  • Focus structure of consciousness?elements
  • sensation, perception, affective states
  • Procedural control Use of rules
  • E.g., Avoid stimulus error
  • Edward Titchener establishes structuralism in
    U.S.
  • Continued Wundts scientific methodology
    introspection and psychophysics
  • Example Christine Ladd-Franklins research in
    color vision

4
The Battle with Functionalism
  • William James in America
  • Darwins (1859, 1871) theory
  • Focus applied psychology
  • Role of mental processes
  • Living and adaptation
  • Individual differences
  • Examples
  • James A. Bayton
  • Inez Beverly Prosser

1842-1910
5
Behaviorism
  • Ivan Pavlov (USSR),
  • John Watson, and B. F.
  • Skinner (U.S.)
  • Focus observable behavior
  • Objective methods
  • Learning via conditioning
  • Stimulus-response connections
  • Actions ? Consequences
  • Rewards and punishments

1904-1990
6
Psychoanalytic Theory
  • Sigmund Freud in Vienna
  • Karen Horney (U.S.)
  • Focus unconscious thoughts and processes
  • Childhood experiences
  • Conflict among desires and with society
  • Focus on sex and aggression
  • Basic anxiety

1885-1952
1856-1939
7
Humanistic Psychology
  • Carl Rogers and others, U.S.
  • Focus full human potential for human growth
  • Freedom and rationality of the human being
  • The Self and unconditional positive regard

1902-1987
8
The Cognitive Revolution
  • Jean Piaget (Switzerland)
  • Ulric Neisser (U.S., 1928- )
  • Focus thinking
  • Mental processes
  • Memory
  • Reasoning
  • Problem solving
  • Decision making
  • Organization of information
  • Example Mary Whiton Calkins research in
    learning and memory

1896-1980
1863-1930
9
Biological Perspective
  • Roger Sperry (U.S.) and split-brain phenomenon
    (1965)
  • Physiological bases for behavior
  • David Hubel, Torsten Wiesel (1962, 1963)
  • Single-cell specificity
  • Focus brain processes and effect of brain
    chemicals

10
Evolutionary Psychology Movement
  • David Buss (U.S., 1999) Cognitive revolutionnot
    far enough
  • Focus behavioral and mental adaptation to
    survive
  • Pre-programming
  • Darwins theory of natural selection
  • Shaped by evolution
  • Criticismtoo broad

11
Positive Psychology Movement
  • Martin Seligman (2003) Objected to focus on
    pathology.
  • Focus
  • Positive subjective experiences
  • Positive individual traits
  • Positive institutions and communities
  • Criticisms (Richard Lazarus, 2003)
  • Oversimplifies human experience
  • Fad?

12
The Gestalt RevolutionThe whole is different
from the sum of its parts
  • Focus conscious, holistic,
  • experience
  • Principles of organizations
  • Illusions

13
Penrose
Escher
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