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Hybrid Vehicles

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Title: Hybrid Vehicles


1
Hybrid Vehicles
  • Current and Future Technology

By Dave Ludwig Alokik Kanwal
2
Why improve Auto tech?
  • Environmental concerns
  • Global Warming
  • Toxic Emissions
  • Drilling and Transport
  • Supply Concerns
  • Fossil fuels are nonrenewable
  • Will eventually run out
  • Political Concerns
  • Dependence on Foreign Oil
  • Sticking it to OPEC !
  • Kyoto Accord

3
What are our Options ?
  • Do nothing
  • Tried it for decades
  • Gas prices rising
  • Air Quality getting worse
  • CO2 build up worsening
  • Electric Automobiles
  • Advantages
  • Eliminates both environmental and political
    concerns
  • Disadvantages
  • Not enough power output
  • Long charging time
  • Fuel Cells
  • Advantages
  • Eliminates both environmental and political
    concerns
  • Disadvantages
  • Current technology in infancy

4
Best Current OptionHybrid Technology
  • Advantages
  • Increases fuel economy
  • Reduces pollution
  • Reduces dependence on fossil fuels
  • No charging time
  • More feasible than fuel cells
  • Disadvantages
  • Heavy batteries
  • Lower power output than pure combustion engines
  • Still require fossils fuels

5
What Is a Hybrid?
  • Series
  • Engine turns a generator
  • Generator can either charge the batteries or
    power an electric motor
  • Only the electric motor drives the transmission
  • Parallel
  • Engine and electric motor turn the transmission
    at the same time
  • Capable of working simultaneously and
    independently

6
What Is a Hybrid?Series and Parallel
7
What is a Hybrid
Operation
8
What Is a Hybrid? Current Components
  • Gasoline engine
  • Fuel tank
  • Transmission
  • Electric motor/generator
  • Electrical storage devices

9
What Is a Hybrid?Engines
  • Purpose is to supply main power
  • Are like the ones you will find on most cars
    except they are smaller
  • Use advanced technologies to reduce emissions and
    increase efficiency
  • Thermoelectric Materials
  • Dynamic Piston Control
  • Sparkless-ignition
  • Clean Diesel
  • Smart Wiring Systems (by IWS)
  • Fuel Cell

10
What Is a Hybrid?Fuel Tank
  • Energy storage device for the gasoline engine
  • Currently gasoline has higher energy density than
    batteries
  • Takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as
    much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline
  • Less fuel required as batteries energy density
    increases

11
What Is a Hybrid?Transmission
  • Distribute mechanical energy to wheels
  • Unlike conventional transmissions they accept
    power from both the engine and electric motors

12
What Is a Hybrid? Electric Motor / Generators
  • Same component acts as a motor as well as a
    generator
  • Motor for accelerating
  • Generator for braking

13
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage Devices
  • Charge quickly from variety of sources
  • Discharge quickly
  • Long cycle life
  • High specific energy
  • Low manufacturing cost
  • Safety

14
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage Devices
  • Flywheels
  • Batteries
  • Ultracapacitors

15
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesFlywheels
  • Cylinder rotates on magnetic bearings to store
    energy
  • Turbo generator is used to spin the cylinder
  • To extract energy the magnetic fields are altered
    to act as an electric generator

16
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesFlywheels
Advantages
Disadvantages
  • Operates in a wider temperature range than
    batteries and capacitors
  • Cycle life issue negligible
  • Higher specific energy than lead acid batteries
  • Cost
  • Material
  • Manufacture
  • Safety !!!!

17
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesFlywheels
  • How do you deal with an accident that causes
    several kWH of energy to be released very
    quickly?

18
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesBatteries
  • Expansion of 12-volt battery systems in
    conventional car
  • 42 volt system could power minor functions
    providing 10 better fuel economy
  • Steering
  • Fuel pumping
  • 144 to 288 volt systems (actual hybrids) improve
    fuel efficiency by 15 to 200

19
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesBatteries
  • Lead acid
  • First option used
  • Nickel Metal Hydride
  • Used in current commercial hybrid vehicles
  • Lithium Polymer
  • Future applications ?

20
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage DevicesLead
Acid Batteries
Advantages
Disadvantages
  • Safer than flywheels
  • Less expensive
  • Proven technology
  • Low specific energy
  • Slow kinetics
  • Low shelf life
  • Battery life
  • Not environmentally friendly
  • Leakage

21
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage DevicesNickel
Metal Hydride Batteries
Advantages
Disadvantages
  • Higher specific energy
  • Longer life
  • Higher kinetics
  • More environmentally friendly
  • Still requires improvement

22
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesLithium Polymer Batteries
Advantages
Disadvantages
  • Highest specific energy
  • Longest life
  • Highest kinetics
  • Most environmentally friendly
  • Can be manufactured as thin sheets
  • Technology in early stages of applications
  • Charge/discharge time are not ideal
  • Narrow voltage range
  • Internal Resistance increased at low temperatures

23
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesBatteries
24
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesUltracapacitor
  • Half battery/half capacitor
  • Battery similarities
  • Electrochemical device
  • Stores energy electrostatically by polarizing an
    electrolytic solution
  • Applied potential on the positive plate attracts
    the negative ions in the electrolyte, while the
    potential on the negative plate attracts the
    positive ions
  • Capacitor similarities
  • Two non-reactive porous plates with a voltage
    applied across
  • Two layers of capacitive storage, one where the
    charges are separated at the positive plate, and
    another at the negative plate.
  • No chemical reactions involved in its energy
    storage mechanism
  • Highly reversible, allowing to be charged and
    discharged hundreds of thousands of times.

25
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesUltracapacitor - Operation
  • Operation is similar to a conventional capacitor
  • Store energy in the form of electrical charge
    separated between conductive material by
    dielectric
  • Achieve high capacitance by
  • Increasing surface area for storing charge
  • Material can be thin and wound
  • Also textured
  • Smaller separation of charges
  • Use thin plastic or paper film or ceramic
  • Energy is determined by voltage and capacitance

26
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesUltracapacitor - Operation
  • Ultracapacitors surface area greater than
    conventional capacitors
  • Uses a porous carbon-based electrode material
    with surface area approaching 2000 square meters
    per gram, much greater than can be accomplished
    using flat or textured films and plates
  • Ultracapacitors charge separation distance
    smaller than capacitors
  • Determined by the size of the ions in the
    electrolyte, which are attracted to the charged
    electrode
  • Charge separation (less than 10 angstroms) is
    much smaller than can be accomplished using
    conventional dielectric materials.

27
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesUltracapacitor - Operation
  • The combination of enormous surface area and
    extremely small charge separation gives the
    ultracapacitor its outstanding capacitance
    relative to conventional capacitors.

28
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesUltracapacitor - Advantages
  • Charge/Discharge is faster than batteries
  • No chemical reaction
  • Longer material life
  • Higher cycle life than batteries
  • Cycle life is gt100,000
  • Able to deliver frequent pulses of energy without
    any detrimental effects
  • Unlike batteries which experience reduced life if
    exposed to frequent high power pulses
  • Greater voltage range than batteries

29
What Is a Hybrid?Electric Storage
DevicesUltracapacitor - Disadvantages
  • Lower specific energy than batteries
  • Technology in its infancy
  • No long term energy storage

30
Current HybridsHonda - Insight
  • Built of lightweight aluminum body and frame
  • Weighs 500 lbs. less than the lightest Civic
  • Uses teardrop design and rear wheel covers to
    reduce drag coefficient

31
Current HybridsToyota - Prius
  • Capable of operating as either parallel or series
    hybrid
  • Power split device governs engine and motor
    collaboration for optimal fuel efficiency at a
    given speed

32
First Hybrid1916 Hybrid
  • Parallel hybrid
  • Electric motor to get to 20 mph
  • Gas engine and electric motor after 20 mph
  • Gas engine charged battery
  • Used regenerative braking
  • Used separate levers to control gas engine and
    electric motor
  • No clutches or gears

33
Conclusion
  • Hybrids are a great solution for
  • Increasing fuel efficiency
  • Lessening environmental impact
  • Decreasing dependence on oil
  • While great achievements have been made by Honda
    and Toyota, better results can be reached by
    implementing new technology

34
Conclusion
  • Batteries should be switched from NMH to Lithium
    Polymer
  • Perhaps ultracapacitors should be used in
    conjunction with batteries and combustion engines
  • This would provide the optimal combination of
    energy for both quick bursts and long term storage

35
Conclusion
  • Advanced materials such as thermoelectrics and
    photovoltaics could provide additional sources of
    energy
  • Once fuel cell technology is ready for cheap,
    mass production they should be integrated into
    hybrid design, replacing the combustion engine
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