Evaluating an Educational Program of an Emotional Maturity Construct with Managers

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Evaluating an Educational Program of an Emotional
Maturity Construct with Managers
Ph.D. Dissertation Proposal Presented to the
Graduate Seminar of the Engineering Management
Department, University of Missouri - Rolla Roy W.
Partridge
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Statement of Problem

• Many leadership theories exist today. There
  exists no Universal Leadership Theory.
• All leadership theories can be broken down into
  two components the cognitive component and the
  emotional component.
• Any program that aids in the improvement of the
  emotional component will make a manager more
  effective.

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Hypothesis

• Managers knowledge of emotional maturity will
  improve to a statistically significant degree
  after an educational program about the workings
  and benefits of emotional maturity.

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Leadership Theories

• History
• Pioneers
• Trait Theory (1930s)
• Behavior Approach (1950s)
• Contingency Theories
• Contemporary Theories
• Composite of Management Theories

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History of Leadership Theories

• Early Pioneers in Management Theories
• Frank W. Taylor
• Scientific management
• Henry Gantt
• Gantt chart
• Frank Lillian Gilbreth
• Work measurement time studies
• Cheaper By The Dozen (Lillian)
• Henry Fayol
• Administrative principles
• Elton Mayo
• Hawthorne Effect

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Trait Theory

• Successful Leadership Traits
• Intelligence
• Task-Relevant Knowledge
• Dominance
• Self-Confidence
• Energy/Activity Levels
• Tolerance for Stress
• Integrity and Honesty
• Emotional Maturity

Criticisms Which came first? Leadership position
or possessing traits Little Predictive Value What
advice or training for soon-to-be leaders?
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Behavior Theories

• Ohio State University Studies
• Initiating Structure vs Consideration
• Michigan Studies
• Job Centered vs Employee Centered
• Blake Mouton
• 2 and 3 Dimensional
• McGregor
• Theory X and Theory Y

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Contingency Theories

• Fiedlers Contingency Model (1960s)
• Situational Leadership Theory
• Path-Goal Theory (House-Mitchell)
• Vroom-Yetton Models (I,II,and III)

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Contemporary Theories

• Charismatic Leadership
• Transactional Leadership
• Transformational Leadership
• Connective Leadership
• Shared Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Leader-Member Exchange (LMX)
• Theory Z
• Participative Leadership

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Composite of Leadership Theories
Leader
TECHNICAL
EMOTIONAL
EXPERIENTAL OJT
COGNITIVE Job knowledge
?
?
?
?
Police vs Fire
General vs Cadet
?
?
?
?
?
?
State vs Trait
Behaviorist vs Trait Theorists
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Emotional Maturity

• Background
• Description
• Psychology
• Loevenger
• Five Level Theory of Emotional Maturity
• Description
• Research
• Computer Modeling with Artificial Intelligence

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Description of EM

• Chronological Age
• How many years a person has lived
• Birth age
• Physiological Age
• Degree to which the body has developed relative
  to chronological age
• Intellectual Age
• Whether a persons intellect is below, above, or
  equal to his chronological age
• Binet called this mental age
• Social Age
• Compares social development with chronological
  age
• Emotional Age
• Compares emotional maturity with chronological age

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Description of EM

• NO correlation between chronological age,
  intellectual age, social age or emotional age
• Chronologically mature, emotionally immature
• Intellectually mature, emotionally immature
• Chronological maturity intellectual maturity
  combined with emotional immaturity
• Not uncommon
• Potentially dangerous (Murray, 1997)
• Relationships dependent on total emotional
  development
• Single most important task improve self-esteem
  emotional maturity

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BACKGROUND OF EM

• Psychology
• Based on works of Freud, Karpf, Jung, Piaget,
  Rogers, Erikson, Ellis, Perls, Maslow, Skinner,
  Kohlberg, Sullivan, Jourard, Anderson, Loevinger,
  Goleman, Gardner

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BACKGROUND OF EM

• Loevinger
• Late 60s early 70s
• Washington University
• Psychology
• Typically there is an anchoring instrument
• Confusing terms (ego/moral development)
• Stages of Ego Development

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Description of FLT of EM
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Description of FLT of EM
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Description of FLT of EM

• Theorys foundations
• Individual entirely responsible for his/her own
  destiny
• Five hierarchical levels - levels NOT stages
• Levels are progressive each paradigm of logic
  constructed from rudimentary logic of previous
  level
• Once evolved to next level, individual can choose
  to react from new level or any previous level
• If previous level chosen, it will happen during
  emotional crisis

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Description of FLT of EM

• Theorys foundations (continued)
• Subsequent, more advanced levels will elude
  individual because they will be able to interpret
  events only from highest level achieved
• Interpretation of advanced logic will be limited
  distorted
• Because individual operates from his paradigm of
  logic, he or she will be unaware of limitations
  and distortion
• To examine an individuals behavior by itself may
  give distorted picture of cause of behavior
• Secondary indication of emotional maturity level
• Primary way to determine emotional maturity level
  is intent or inner motivation
• State vs Trait (behaviorist vs trait theorists)

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Research - EM

• Subject of Ph.D. Dissertation
• Linda R. Partridge, 1985
• A Study of the Effectiveness of the Maturity
  Reasoning Index Program For the Advancement of
  Emotional Maturation in Adult Males
• Krasnoff, A. and Partridge, L., Evaluation of an
  Intervention Program with Work
  Release Residents, Journal of Offender
  Counseling, Services and Rehabilitation, Vol. 9
  (3), Spring 1985, pp. 35-42.

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Research - EM

• Subjects (73/46) Adult Males in St. Louis
  County Work Release Center (prisoners)
• Experimenters are justified in using rats and
  students for control, convenience, and ethics
  (Elmes, Kantowitz, Roediger, 1995)
• Partridge used prisoners for same reasons
• Also selected because of inherent low self-esteem
• Educational program
• 8 weeks/16hours

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Research - EM

• Measures used
• Psychopathic State Inventory (PSI)
• Impulsivity
• Brief Symptom Index (BSI)
• Hostility anxiety
• Internal, Powerful Others, Chance Control Scale
  (IPCS)
• Luck, powerful others, locus of control
• Self Attitude Inventory (SAI)
• Self-esteem

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EM Computer Modeling - AI

• Developed Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  rules-based Expert System to model Five Level EM
  Theory
• Roy W. Partridge
• Master of Computer Science Degree

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EM Computer Modeling - AI

• Original expert system concept
• If BEHAVIOR, then EM level
• Flawed
• Got away from original foundation
• Revised expert system concept
• If BEHAVIOR and INTENT, then EM level
• Worked
• Based on foundation for instrument
• Developed into computer program

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Methodology

• Emotional Maturity Instrument
• Introduction
• Research of Emotional Maturity Instruments
• Background of the Emotional Intelligence
  Construct
• Intelligence Tests (IQ)
• Other Intelligences
• Emotional Intelligence
• Emotional Intelligence Instruments
• Emotional Maturity Instrument
• Educational Program
• Sample
• Distribution

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Methodology

• Introduction to the Emotional Maturity Construct
• Focus of this research
• Management leadership
• Subjects have little free time
• Want single, pre-existing, off-the-shelf
  instrument
• Chances of finding believed small

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Research of Emotional Maturity Instruments

• Field is limited
• Very few single measures found
• Most aimed at youth adolescents
• Alternative searches tried
• e.g., Emotional development
• Interesting phenomenon observed
• Redirected to emotional intelligence
• Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon

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Emotional Intelligence (EI)

• Relatively new field
• Term Emotional Intelligence coined in 1990
• Peter Salovey John Mayer
• Made popular by Daniel Goleman in 1995
• Borrowed the term for book Emotional Intelligence
  
• Did not use strict academic definition
• Similarities between EI EM
• EI pioneering work in instruments
• Use EI to benchmark from

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Background of EI

• Intelligence tests
• Sir Francis Galton
• 140 years ago
• Cousin to Charles Darwin
• Alfred Binet
• French psychologist
• Developed the term mental age (intellectual age)
• Test adapted to American children adults -1916
• Stanford University psychologist Lewis Terman
• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

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Background of EI

• Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
• Developed by Terman
• Borrowed from German psychologist William Stern
• Mental age/chronological age times 100
• Mental ages - Child 1 8, Child 2 4, Child 3
  12
• Chronological age 8
• IQ(1) 8/8 times 100 100
• IQ(2) 4/8 times 100 50
• IQ(3) 12/8 times 100 150

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Background of EI

• IQ important as predictor
• Limited applicability
• e.g., IQ lt 150
• Never be great mathematician, theoretical
  physicist or great philosopher

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Background of EI

• New types of intelligences
• Social intelligence
• Thorndike (1920)
• Practical intelligence
• Sternberg Caruso Wagner Sternberg (1985)
• Multiple intelligences
• Howard Gardner (1983)
• Emotional intelligence
• Salovey Mayer (1990)
• Goleman (1995)
• Personality tests typologies (1960s)
• Myers-Briggs Type Index

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Emotional Intelligence Constructs

• Golemans five primary elements
• Self-awareness (3)
• Self regulation (5)
• Motivation (4)
• Empathy (5)
• Social skills (8)
• Total of 25 sub-competencies

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Emotional Intelligence Constructs

• Mayer, Caruso, Salovey
• Golemans EI includes traits
• e.g., optimism, resilience, persistence
• Three criteria to be an intelligence
• Conceptual reflects mental performance
• Correlational abilities moderately
  intercorrelated
• Developmental develops with age
• Four defined areas of EI with 12 ability tests
• Perceiving, assimilating, understanding
  managing emotions

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Importance of EI in Management

• Goleman - EI twice as important as IQ tech
  expertise
• (67 vs 33 ) 181 positions, 121 companies
• Independently confirmed by consultants Hay/McBer
• Top executives close to 90 EI
• Critics have challenged
• However, Goleman makes a priori case
• Even if reduced definition of Mayer, Caruso,
  Salovey used, still a priori case

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Measures of EI Construct

• Goleman
• 10 question test
• Not scientific, entertaining enlightening
• Reuven Bar-On
• Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i)
• Does not measure personality traits/ cognitive
  ability
• Parallels Goleman
• Good data for reliability validity

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Measures of EI Construct

• Mayer, Caruso Salovey
• Call Goleman Bar-On theories mixed-models
• Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS)
• Good data for reliability validity
• Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence
  Test (MSCEIT)
• Simmons Simmons
• Simmons Personal Survey
• Measured character in the 1960s
• Jumped on EI bandwagon
• Validity reliability in generic, empirical
  terms
• Customers say 95 to 100 valid

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Measures of EI Construct

• Measures of EI constructs not fully developed

Until we can accurately measure emotional
intelligence, we cant legitimately compare its
predictive power to those of IQ Anne Murphy
Paul, Ivory Tower (1999)
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Developing a Measure of the Emotional Maturity
Construct

• Emotional Maturity construct is not an
  intelligence
• Intelligence progresses with age
• Statistics

There are three kinds of lies lies, damned lies
and statistics
Benjamin Disraeli
Using the psychometrics traditional
armamentaria an instrument could be developed to
test morality, creativity and emotional
intelligence but it is far more likely to
satisfy the test makers desire for reliability
than the need for validity.
Howard Gardner (1999)
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Developing a Measure of the Emotional Maturity
Construct
Measuring a psychological construct like
emotional intelligence is as much art as
science Developing a measure of a
psychological construct is a difficult and
extremely time-consuming process if it is to be
done correctly Before you go ahead and add
another lousy measure of a psychological
construct to the already growing pile of them,
take a few minutes to learn about the process of
creating valid and reliable instruments that
measure psychological constructs Cheri Young
(1996) Validity Issues in Measuring Psychological
Constructs The Case of Emotional Intelligence
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Developing a Measure of the Emotional Maturity
Construct

• Measurement Issues
• Psychological constructs
• Problems with measurement
• Validity reliability
• Construct validity
• Face content reliability
• Criterion-related reliability
• Internal consistency
• Creating a measure of emotional intelligence
• Step 1 Item development
• Step 2 Scale Development
• Step 3 Scale evaluation

Cheri Young (1996) Validity Issues in Measuring
Psychological Constructs The Case of Emotional
Intelligence
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Developing a Measure of the Emotional Maturity
Construct

• Other resources
• Helberg (1995) Pitfalls of Data Analysis (or How
  to Avoid Lies and Damned Lies).
• Bias, Type I and Type II errors, and power
• Cook and Campbell (1979) Quasi-Experimentation,
  Design Analysis Issues for Field Settings.
• Chapter 4 Validity
• Elmes, Kantowitz, and Roediger (1995) Research
  Methods in Psychology ( 5th ed.).
• Excellent all-purpose text

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Developing a Measure of the Emotional Maturity
Construct

• Convergent divergent validity
• Definition of emotional maturity is not universal
• Definitions of correlating criteria not universal
• Must use esoteric knowledge of this particular
  construct
• Further investigation required
• Study which instruments held in highest esteem in
  research community
• Study validity, reliability
• Study relationship to emotional maturity construct

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Developing a Measure of the Emotional Maturity
Construct

• Convergent divergent validity (continued)
• Conley Impara The Twelfth Mental Measurements
  Yearbook
• Zero tests
• Maddox Tests, A Comprehensive Reference for
  Assessments in Psychology, Education, and
  Business.
• Gordon Personal Profile and Inventory (GPP-I)
• Measures of Psychological Development (MPD)
• Ed REM 420 (Winter Semester 2002)
• WSC, ROT, BET
• Partridge (1985)
• BSI, IPCS, SAI

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Developing a Measure of the Emotional Maturity
Construct

• Emotional Maturity Measure must also conform to
  Standards for Education and Psychological Testing
  (APA)

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Developing a Measure of the Emotional Maturity
Construct

• Proposed Instrument
• Based on developed questionnaire
• Master of C.S. R.W. Partridge
• Approx 25 unique questions
• Five answers per question
• Each answer corresponds to an EM level
• May need 25 additional questions
• 50 chosen for minimum time impact on sample

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Methodology

• Educational Program
• Multimedia computer presentation
• Learning theory
• Voice, music and visual (slides)
• Combines visual and auditory learning
• Also uses controversial Mozart Effect
• Seven parts
• Part One - Introduction
• Parts 2-6- One for each of the five EM levels
• Part 7 - how to deal from the fifth EM level
• Each about an hour long

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Methodology

• Sample
• Separate by number supervised (proposed)
• First level managers (2-10 people)
• Middle level managers (11-100 people)
• Upper level managers (101 people and up)
• Obtained via email
• Personal email address book
• 3M, Boeing, Xerox, American, Northwest, Delta
  United Airlines
• Expand to their network of friends
• Must know demographics of management
• Must know who was not included in survey

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Methodology

• Sample
• Send email to friends get email address of H.R.
  director for major companies
• Send email to H.R. director asking for assistance
  in Ph.D. research
• Letter asks for volunteers to take pre-test, do
  seven part study program, and post-test

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Methodology
Sample
The Power of the Internet http//test.thespark.co
m/gendertest/ Gender Test Statistics (as of 23
Jan 2002 at 1100) Females taking test
2,321,598 Males taking test 1,730,869 Total
4,052,467 Roughly 177,000
per month 5900 per day 245 per hour
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Methodology

• Distribution
• Pre-test, seven program phases and post-test all
  on the internet
• Dr Dagli offered server space at UMR
• Data collected in database

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Methodology

• Analysis
• Data analyzed by computer
• All statistical analysis that will be required
  are programmed into computer

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Leadership Theories

• History
• Pioneers
• Trait Theory (1930s)
• Behavior Approach (1950s)
• Contingency Theories
• Contemporary Theories
• Composite of Leadership Theories

54
Emotional Maturity

• Background
• Description
• Psychology
• Loevenger
• Five Level Theory of Emotional Maturity
• Description
• Research
• Computer Modeling

55
Methodology

• Emotional Maturity Instrument
• Introduction
• Research of Emotional Maturity Instruments
• Background of the Emotional Intelligence
  Construct
• Intelligence Tests (IQ)
• Other Intelligences
• Emotional Intelligence
• Emotional Intelligence Instruments
• Emotional Maturity Instrument
• Educational Program
• Sample
• Distribution

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction 1.1 Statement of Problem 1.1
Hypothesis 2.0 History of Leadership
Theories 2.1 Early Pioneers in management
Theories 2.2 Trait Approach 2.3 Behavior
Approach 2.3.1 Ohio State University
Studies 2.3.2 Michigan Studies 2.3.3 Blake
and Mouton Management Grid 2.3.4 McGregors
Theory Y 2.4 Contingency Approach 2.4.1
Fiedlers Contingency Model 2.4.2 Situational
leadership Theory 2.4.3 Path Goal
Theory 2.4.4 Vroom-Yetton Models 2.4.5
Conclusions about Contingency Theories
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
2.5 Contemporary Theories 2.5.1 Charismatic
Leadership 2.5.2 Transactional
Leadership 2.5.3 Transformational
Leadership 2.5.4 Connective Leadership 2.5.5
Shared Leadership 2.5.6 Servant
Leadership 2.5.7 Leader-Member Exchange
(LMX) 2.5.8 Theory Z 2.5.9 Participative
Leadership 2.6 Composite of Leadership
Theories
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
3.0 Five Level Theory of Emotional Maturity 3.1
Background 3.1.1 Description 3.1.2
Psychology 3.1.3 Loevingers Theory of Ego
Development 3.2 Five Level Theory of Emotional
Maturity 3.2.2 Description 3.2.2.1
Overview 3.2.2.2 Emotional Maturity Level
One 3.2.2.3 Emotional Maturity Level
Two 3.2.2.4 Emotional Maturity Level
Three 3.2.2.5 Emotional Maturity Level
Four 3.2.2.6 Emotional Maturity Level Five
3.2.2.7 How to Deal from Emotional Maturity
Level Five 3.2.3 Research 3.2.4 Computer
Simulation and Artificial Intelligence
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
4.0 Methodology 4.1 Emotional Maturity
Instrument 4.1.1 Introduction 4.1.2 Research
of Emotional Maturity Instruments 4.1.3
Background of the Emotional Intelligence
Construct 4.1.3.1 Intelligence Tests
(IQ) 4.1.3.2 Other Intelligences 4.1.3.3
Emotional Intelligence 4.1.4 Emotional
Intelligence Instruments 4.1.5 Emotional
Maturity Instrument 4.2 Educational Program 4.3
Sample 4.4 Distribution 5.0 Analysis 6.0
Conclusion Appendices
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Challenges

• Leadership Theory
• Composite Theory
• Emotional Maturity Theory
• Based in Psychology
• Development of Training Program
• Educational Theory

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Challenges

• Development of Instrument
• As much art as science
• Difficult and extremely time-consuming process if
  it is to be done correctly
• Follow checklist developed by Young for EI
• Distribution of Instrument
• Getting subjects
• Internet
• Collection and Analysis of Data
• Automated Database

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Conclusion

• Security is mostly a superstition. It does not
  exist in nature, nor do the children of man as a
  whole experience it. Avoiding danger is no safer
  in the long run than outright exposure. Life is
  either a daring adventure or nothing.

Helen Keller
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Conclusion

• Questions ( ?????)