The Chinese Overseas

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Southeast Asia
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Land Areas (in thousand km2)

• Mexico (1,964) gt Indonesia (1,905)
• Myanmar (677) gt France (643)
• Thailand (513) gt Spain (505)
• Vietnam (331) gt Malaysia (330)
• Italy (301) gt Philippines (300)
• U.K. (244) gt Laos (237)
• Cambodia (181) gt Missouri (181)

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Population (in millions)

• U.S. (327) gt Indonesia (261)
• Mexico (125) gt Philippines (104)
• Vietnam (96) gt Germany (81)
• Thailand (68) gt France (67) gt U.K. (66)
• Italy (62) gt Myanmar (55) gt California (40)
• Malaysia (31) gt Texas (29)
• Laos (7) gt Tennessee gt Singapore (6)

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Long history of colonialism

• Britain
• Burma, Malay, Sarawak, Brunei
• French
• Indochina
• Netherlands
• East Indies
• United States
• Philippines

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Southeast Asia occupied
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Southeast Asia
State Nation Building and Political Leaders
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Development of States

• Four common challenges all states face
  historically or currently
• building a nation-state
• defining the role of religion
• establishing democracy and rule of law
• fostering economic development and fairness

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Development of States
FACTORS Historical Contemporary
Domestic state nation building pressures
from below
International imperialism globalization end
of cold war
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Struggle for independence

• Japanese occupation (1941-1945)
• Colonial powers return (1945-early 1950s)
• Charismatic political leaders in the struggle for
  independence
• Vietnam Ho Chi Minh
• Indonesia Sukarno
• Singapore Lee Kuan Yew
• Burma Aung San

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Their legacies

• Leaders of the independence movements
• Negotiations with colonial powers
• Charisma popularity among public
• Long periods of authoritarian rule
• Today their political successors still play
  important roles in respective countries

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Ho Chi Minh

• President of north Vietnam 1945 - 1969
• Hos successors in the Communist Party of Vietnam

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Sukarno

• Indonesian President (1949-66)

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Sukarnos daughter

• Megawati Sukarnoputri
• Vice-President (1999 - 2001)
• President (2001 - 2004) of Indonesia

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Lee Kuan Yew

• Prime Minister of Singapore (1959 - 90)
• His chosen successor Prime Minister Goh Chok
  Tong (1990 - 2004)
• His son
• Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong (2004-)

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Aung San

• Prime Minister of British
• Burma (1945 - 1947)

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Aung Sans daughter

• Aung San Suu Kyi (age 70) led the National League
  for Democracy (NLD) to a majority win in
  Myanmars first openly contested election in 25
  years in November 2015.
• 15 years of house arrest
• Nobel Peace Prize 1991

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Second-generation leaders

• After initial state nation building, the 2nd
  generation leaders gained power through
  institutional and/or democratic means
• Long periods of authoritarian rule
• Long periods of economic growth
• Philippines Marcos (1965 - 1986)
• Indonesia Suharto (1968 - 1998)
• Malaysia Mahathir (1981 - 2003)

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Marcos

• President of the Republic of the Philippines
  (1965 - 86)

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President Benigno Aquino III

• The 15th President of the Philippines (2010 -
  2016)
• Son of late president Corazon Aquino
• Succeeded by Rodrigo Duterte (2016- )

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Corruption Perceptions Index

• 2019 ranking from most clean to most corrupt
• 4. Singapore (85)
• 35. Brunei (60)
• 51. Malaysia (53)
• 80. China (41)
• 85. Indonesia (40)

• 93. Timor-Leste (38)
• 96. Vietnam (37)
• 101. Thailand (36)
• 113. Philippines (34)
• 130. Myanmar (29)
• 130. Laos (29)
• 162. Cambodia (20)

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Contemporary factors

• International
• globalization
• end of cold war
• Domestic
• pressures from below

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Globalization

• Japans vision flying geese model of economic
  development
• Newly industrialized economies
• Southeast Asia

Korea
Singapore
Hong Kong
Taiwan
Japan
Thailand
Malaysia
Philippines
Indonesia