English Consonants in Real Speech - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 40
About This Presentation
Title:

English Consonants in Real Speech

Description:

A Na ve View of An Utterance. p Q t k aU n t s b i d z. time. each sound is uttered independent of its neighbors. 3. In fact, ... meatball open house old cigars ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:472
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 41
Provided by: chssMon
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: English Consonants in Real Speech


1
Chapter 3
  • English Consonants in Real Speech

2
A Naïve View of An Utterance
  • p Q t k aU n t s b i d z
  • time ?
  • each sound is uttered independent of its neighbors

3
In fact, sounds interact with neighboring sounds
  • (1) (2) (3) (4)
    (5)
  • pie buy spy nap nab
  • tie die sty mat mad
  • kye guy sky knack nag

4
p vs. b
  • pie has a voiceless aspirated p
  • buy has a voiced b
  • spy has a voiceless unaspirated p
  • nap has a voiceless p that is either
  • aspirated, released, or unreleased
  • nab has a voiced b that is either
  • released, or unreleased

5
Prevocalic Stops Partial Voicing
  • pie has a voiceless aspirated p
  • buy has a partially voiced unaspirated b
  • voicing depends on context
  • boUni Eb?ni
  • bony ebony
  • partially voiced fully voiced

6
Voicing of stops after /s/
  • (A) (B)
  • spy sby
  • sty sdy
  • sky sguy Is there an explanation
    for the gap in (B)?
  • spill sbill
  • still sdill
  • skill sgill

7
Voicing Ambiguity accounts for a Systematic Gap
  • spy has a partially voiced
  • bilabial
  • unaspirated
  • stop
  • So it sounds like something between a p and
    a b . If we had both spy and sby,
  • we couldnt distinguish one from the other.

8
Postvocalic Stops Voicing Ambiguity
  • nap has a voiceless p that is either
  • aspirated, released, or unreleased
  • nab has a partially voiced b that is either
  • released, or unreleased
  • How do we distinguish nap from nab when both
    stops are unreleased and b is only partially
    voiced?

9
Postvocalic Stops Voicing Ambiguity
  • the length of the previous vowel
  • distinguishes voiced from voiceless stops
  • nQp? nQ?b?

10
Postvocalic Stops Place of Articulation
Ambiguity
  • How do we distinguish these words if the final
    stops are unreleased?
  • nap
  • knat
  • knack
  • by the quality of the preceding vowel
  • (according to Ladefoged. This is much less
    reliable than the voicing distinction.)

11
Postvocalic Stops
  • my cat Mabel
  • apt to go
  • act now
  • Final stops are released during a following nasal
    or stop.
  • white teeth
  • In English, two consecutive homorganic stops are
    both articulated if a word boundary intervenes.
    (Compare why teeth).

12
  • Give me a verbal negative response
  • without opening your mouth.

13
The Glottal Stop ? in English
  • ?m?m No.
  • American English kitten, Trenton, Clinton
  • NY bottle
  • Cockney butter, kitty, fatter
  • The explosion caused by closing the glottis is
    release in the following sound.

14
Coarticulationthe overlap of adjacent
articulations
  • ki ku k? /k/s are different
  • tik tuk t?k /k/s are the same
  • In English, place of articulation usually adapts
    to the following sound
  • This is known as anticipatory coarticulation

15
Anticipatory Coarticulation
  • key coo
  • lips spread lips rounded
  • tongue near hard palate tongue near soft palate
  • see saw
  • lips spread lips rounded
  • be boo
  • lips spread lips rounded

16
Perseverative Coarticulation
  • Place of articulation adapts to the preceding
    sound.
  • s z
  • caps cabs
  • cats cads
  • bucks bugs

17
Coarticulation
  • Due to neuromuscular commands (commands from
    brain to articulators)
  • to compensate for inherent delay in production,
    commands are initiated before the segment in
    which they are required

18
Coarticulation
  • Anticipatory A ? B
  • Perseverative A ? B
  • English is primarily an anticipatory language
  • French and Italian are perseverative
  • Why? We dont know!

19
Stop Consonants in Context Review (1)
  • Prevocalic voiceless stops are aspirated except
    after /s/
  • Postvocalic stops can be aspirated, released,
    unreleased
  • In stop C, stop is released in C
    Qpt
  • s?dn - nasal plosion
  • Qtl?s - lateral plosion

20
Stop Consonants in Context Review (2)
  • voiced stops are only partially voiced
  • voicing is distinguished prevocalically by
    presence or absence of aspiration
  • voicing is distinguished postvocalically by
    length of the preceding vowel

21
Stop Consonants in Context Review (3)
  • /t/, /d/ become
  • ? before syllabic /n/ trEn?n
  • R intervocalically sIRi
  • vowel length distinguishes latter from ladder
  • (evidence that there is an underlying /t/ or
    /d/)
  • stops anticipate the following sound
    (anticipatory coarticulation kip vs.kup )

22
Palatography
  • 1. Black powder is applied to roof of mouth
  • 2. speaker articulates
  • Tracings left on the upper surface of the mouth
    are studied for evidence of tongue contact with
    roof of mouth

23
X-Ray Microbeam Tracking
  • Gold pellets are placed on tongue, jaw, lips
  • An electron beam images the pellets

24
Fricatives in Real Speech
  • st?aIf st?aI?v
  • ti? ti?D
  • ?luS?n ?lu?Z?n
  • loUf loU?vz
  • f?s f??z
  • m?? m??Dz seIf seI?v

25
Fricatives (2)
  • Vowels are longer and following fricatives
    shorter when the fricative is voiced.

26
Fricatives (3)
  • Vowel Length Rule
  • V ? -long / ________ C
  • -voice
  • What VC strings does this rule cover?

27
The Vowel Length Rule Covers Fricatives and Stops
  • The Obstruent class of sounds
  • involve significant obstruction of the airstream
  • Voicing affects length of preceding vowel
  • voiced obstruents are not voiced throughout
    unless the following sound is voiced
  • Surprise Pat. z is partially voiced.
  • Thats surprising. z is fully voiced.

28
The Fricative /h/
  • bihEst ?hEd
  • /h/ is signaled by a weakening of voicing.
  • h w.
  • wItS witch hwItS which
  • h w is sometimes written as ?
  • ? is now only used in the uncommon wh- words
    (which, whether, but not what)

29
Affricate stop homorganic C ts, dz, tT,
dD, tS, dZ wksht
  • Distribution of Affricates
  • kQts lQdz
  • tsQk dzQl
  • eItT eIdD
  • tTIn dDIn
  • tS??tS dZ?dZ

30
Special Status of the Affricates tS and dZ
  • Only tS and dZ occur at both beginning and end of
    English words.
  • Therefore, these affricates are treated
    phonologically as single units even though they
    are represented phonetically as a sequence of two
    phonemes.

31
The Syllable
  • The core of the syllable is usually a vowel
  • meatball open house old cigars
  • Vowels act as the syllable core because they are
    very sonorous they can be heard more easily than
    consonants
  • But there are highly sonorous consonants that can
    act as the core of the syllable.

32
Nasals Dictation
  • Syllabic Nasals.
  • s?d?n s?dn
  • laIt?n lai?n
  • r?k?n r?kn
  • sEv?n sEbm
  • dZQk Qnd keIt dZQk N keIt
  • nasal ?? syllabic /obstruent ____

33
The Velar Nasal Dictation
  • (A) (B) (C)
  • sIN? singer fINg? finger l?Ng? longer
  • stIN? stinger lINg? linger j?Ng? younger
  • Q Why is the /g/ retained in (B-C) but not in
    (A)?

34
Approximants
  • Syllabic /l/.
  • bAt?l bARl
  • p?d?l p?Rl

35
Approximants (2)
  • Distribution of English /l/
  • lif fi?
  • lIt tI?
  • lI? l??
  • postvocalic /l/ is velarized

36
Likelihood of Allophonic Variation in Consonants
  • Consonant Sensitivity to Context
  • stop high
  • fricative moderate
  • nasal low
  • approximant low

37
Combinatory Phonetics
  • In rapid speech, words in sentences undergo
    segmental changes
  • extra segments may be inserted T??i three
  • segments may be substituted sI?i city
  • segments may be deleted grQnpa grandpa
  • segments may be permuted Qks ask

38
Why Learn about Consonants in Context?
  • ESL/EFL concentrates on the learning of phonemes
    that are absent from the source L
  • T and D
  • ? and l
  • But allophonic variation plays a large role in
    non-native accents

39
Allophonic variation in accents
  • plI?z ? plIs (vowel is not long)
  • pHiz ? piz (initial voiceless stop is not
    aspirated)
  • bQt ? b?Qt (initial stop is fully voiced)
  • sl?Q?bz ? s?a?b?s (initial /l/ is velarized
    vowel is not long)

40
  • Please call Stella. Ask her to bring these things
    with her from the store Six spoons of fresh snow
    peas, five thick slabs of blue cheese, and maybe
    a snack for her brother Bob. We also need a small
    plastic snake and a big toy frog for the kids.
    She can scoop these things into three red bags,
    and we will go meet her Wednesday at the train
    station.
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com