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False Memories: Hardboiled Eggs and Police Brutality

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Title: False Memories: Hardboiled Eggs and Police Brutality


1
False MemoriesHard-boiled Eggs and Police
Brutality
  • Tyler Davis
  • Darrell Worthy
  • Anushka Pai
  • Cindy Stappenbeck

2
Make-Believe Memories
3
The Misinformation Effect
  • Memory can be skewed by giving misinformation
  • Ex. stop/yield sign in a simulated traffic
    accident
  • Situations in which misinformation can occur
  • Listen to others give their versions of events
  • Interrogations
  • Biased Media Coverage

4
The Misinformation Effect
  • Depends on
  • Active/passive role
  • Opportunity to observe
  • Degree of emotional arousal
  • Can you think of a time when you may have been
    influenced by misinformation?

5
Lost in the Mall
  • A.K.A. the Familial Informant False-Narrative
    Procedure
  • Rates for partially or wholly planting a memory
    of events that did not happen vary from 25-50
  • Rich false memories experiences about which a
    person feels confident in, provides details, and
    even expresses emotions about made-up events that
    never happened.

6
False Memories
  • Imagining events can lead to believing you
    performed the events when asked later.
  • How might this be explained?
  • Real memories have consequences
  • Do false memories similarly have consequences for
    the individual?
  • Hard-boiled eggs/dill pickles experiment
  • Alan Alda even experienced consequences to
    believing hard-boiled eggs made him sick

7
True or False?
  • Difficult to distinguish between the two
  • Real memories tend to be held with more
    confidence
  • More research is needed
  • How do we tell the difference between a
    deliberate lie and an honest lie?

8
Take-home Message
  • Suggestions can lead to false memories
  • A memory reported with confidence, details, and
    emotion does not mean that it actually happened

9
Creation of False Memories
10
Failures in Source Monitoring
Dreams
TV
Film
Memory
Situations
Imagination
People
11
Metamemory
  • Why would it be in memory if it never happened?
  • If details are vivid, then it must be true.
  • Human memory is like a camera.
  • Childhood memories are not often not remembered.
  • Traumatic memories are often too emotional to be
    remembered.

12
Schematic Reconstruction
  • Existing schemata help activation.
  • Schemata do not have to come from personal
    experience.
  • Schemata related to plausibility of event.
    Plausibility related to acceptance.

13
Real vs. Imagined
  • We currently have no way to distinguish.
  • Ceci et al., 1994
  • Heaps and Nash, 2001
  • With rehearsal the differences between false and
    true memories become smaller.

14
Social Demands
  • Authority Figures
  • Majority beliefs
  • Encouraging you to remember

15
Discussion Questions
  • People, especially children are suggestible. How
    can we ask children about things that have
    happened without increasing chances of creating
    false memories?
  • Could we implant an emotional memory in adults
    for an event that occurred in adulthood?
  • Why might memory reconstruction be a good thing?

16
Leo (2001) False Confessions
  • Judges and juries put a lot of weight on
    confessions. Even though research suggests a fair
    number of confessions may be false.
  • Has psychological science shown that the jury
    system is outdated? Are the most convincing
    evidence to jurors (confessions and eye witness
    testimony) the least sound?

17
Third degree/ myths
  • Cops used to like to torture it out of them
  • Bush says, This leads to false confessions in
    Americans, but not terrorists.
  • Now they use more psychological techniques
  • Not as intuitive as to why someone would confess

18
How they break youand make you falsely confess
  • Shift you from confident to hopeless
  • Only way to improve your situation is to confess
  • Low-end, High-end, and systemic inducements
  • Has this tactic ever been used on you by anyone?
    How well do you think it would work? What
    variables do you think might affect it?

19
Types of Confessions
  • Voluntary
  • Stress Induced Compliance
  • Coerced Compliant
  • Coerced Persuaded
  • Non-Coerced Persuaded

20
The consequences
  • Social Psychology suggests that the publicity
    behind false confessions now is just the tip of
    the iceberg
  • Juries find it convincing
  • Police stop investigation
  • The belief (and the problem)-Innocent People
    Dont Confess!

21
How do we fix it?
  • Improved Police Training
  • Kill the myths
  • Mandatory video taping
  • Expert witness testimony
  • How else might the system be improved?
  • Should police interrogators have to take a
    cognitive psychology class?

22
Gordon Bower, the ACLU, and the Hot Dog Vendors
say
  • DONT GIVE UP YOUR MIRANDA RIGHTS!!!
  • How do you think you could help yourself remember
    to never talk to police even if you think you are
    obviously innocent?

23
Laboratory Paradigms for Studying False
Confessions
  • Kassin and Kiechel (1996)
  • Russano, Meissner, Narchet and Kassin (2005)

24
Kassin and Kiechel (1996)
  • Divided into four groups 2 (witness vs. no
    witness) X 2 (Fast paced vs. slow paced)
  • Reaction time task
  • Confederate read letters to be typed at either
    fast or slow pace
  • Subjects instructed not to hit the ALT key
    because experiment would crash
  • The computer appeared to crash after 60 seconds
  • Distressed experimenter entered and asked subject
    if they pressed the ALT key

25
Kassin and Kiechel (1996)
  • In the witness group the confederate admitted to
    have seen subject hit the ALT key
  • Subjects in the fast paced group were considered
    to be more vulnerable because of lower subjective
    certainty

26
Kassin and Kiechel (1996)
  • Compliance subjects asked to sign a confession
  • Internalization second confederate asked what
    happened while experimenter left the room (i.e.
    I did it, Im guilty)
  • Confabulation Experimenter reread the list of
    letters and asked subjects to reconstruct how
    they hit the ALT key

27
Kassin and Kiechel (1996)
  • Results

28
Russano et al. (2005)
  • 330 participants divided into 8 cells 2 (innocent
    vs. guilty) X 2 (minimization vs. no
    minimization) X 2 (deal vs. no deal)
  • Partnered with a female confederate
  • Recruited for individual vs. team decision making
  • Solved a series of logic problems
  • Some problems alone, some as a team

29
Russano et al. (2005)
  • In the guilty condition confederate asked subject
    for the answer to a problem that was to be solved
    individually
  • Answer was usually provided (those who didnt
    were excluded)
  • The confederate did not ask for the answer in the
    innocent condition

30
Russano et al. (2005)
  • Experimenter returned and said there was a
    problem and he needed to speak to each of them
    individually
  • Confederate was led out and supposedly questioned
    for five minutes
  • Experimenter returned and said that they had the
    same wrong answer on the target problem

31
Russano et al. (2005)
  • The professor may have to be notified and he
    might consider it cheating
  • Subjects might be disciplined under campus
    cheating policies
  • Subjects were asked to sign a statement admitting
    to sharing answers

32
Russano et al. (2005)
  • Minimization experimenter/interrogator lessened
    the seriousness of the offense
  • Expressed sympathy and concern, provided
    face-saving excuses

33
Russano et al.
  • Deal If subjects signed then things would be
    settled quickly would return later to complete
    the experiment
  • If not the professor would have to get involved
  • Professors involvement was implied to be bad
  • No deal experimenter would still call the
    professor to see what to do next

34
Russano et al. (2005)
  • Results
  • Diagnosticity ratio of true confessions to false
    confessions

35
Discussion Questions
  • Which paradigm is most similar to police
    interrogations?
  • Is the higher rate of true confessions worth the
    higher rate of false confessions?
  • What tactics are appropriate for police to use?
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