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ETHICS AND MORALITY

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Qualitative - Not just physical pleasure, but pleasure of the mind as well. ETHICS AND MORALITY ... do good and do not do evil. ETHICS AND MORALITY. PRINCIPLES ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: ETHICS AND MORALITY


1
ETHICS AND MORALITY
  • MORAL JUDGMENTS
  • Moral development has three levels
  • 1. Pre-conventional level - revolves around self
  • 2. Conventional level - reflects surrounding
    society
  • 3. Post-conventional level - based on
    internalized
  • principles of right and wrong

2
ETHICS AND MORALITY
THE MORAL SITUATION
  • 1. Rights and duties
  • 2. Virtues and vices
  • 3. Agreements and laws

3
ETHICS AND MORALITY
THE MORAL SITUATION
  • 4. Changes in morals
  • 5. Assessing morality
  • A. motives
  • B. means
  • C. consequences

4
ETHICS AND MORALITY
ETHICS THE STUDY OF MORALITY
  • 1. Descriptive ethics - what people do
  • 2. Normative ethics - what people ought to do
  • 3. Metaethics - language and reasoning used

5
ETHICS AND MORALITY
NORMATIVE ETHICS
  • 1. Pleasure or happiness as the ethical standard
    - right or wrong based on whether something good
    happens.
  • Quantitative - more pleasure, less pain.
  • Qualitative - Not just physical pleasure, but
    pleasure of the mind as well.

6
ETHICS AND MORALITY
NORMATIVE ETHICS
  • 2. The moral law as the absolute (formalism) -
    certain principles right or wrong no matter what.
    Ought is the moral law within us.
  • A. the principle of universality - not my wants
  • B. the principle of humanity as an end, never
    just a means
  • C. the principle of autonomy - duty is inside

7
ETHICS AND MORALITY
NORMATIVE ETHICS
  • 3. Self-realization as the ideal (humanism) -
    what is right is what develops us.
  • A. Platonic humanism - we have the rational part,
    spirited part, and desiring part, with the
    rational in control.
  • B. Aristotle and self-realization - we are at our
    best when living by reason.

8
ETHICS AND MORALITY
NORMATIVE ETHICS
  • 4. Natural law ethics - arose in the Middle Ages
    - if we live by conscience and reason within us,
    we will follow God and the Bible.
  • Natural law is the divine law as discovered by
    reason. The teachings of the Church and the
    Bible judge moral conduct.

9
ETHICS AND MORALITY
NORMATIVE ETHICS
  • 5. Religious ethical ideas - two views
  • A. if it is Gods will that is all the
    justification we need
  • B. our understanding of people and God leads us
    to desire the good, seek it, and live it.

10
ETHICS AND MORALITY
NORMATIVE ETHICS
  • 5. Religious ethical ideals Judaism - based on
    the Hebrew Bible and ethical monotheism. We do
    not live for God in isolation - our life with God
    is expressed toward others as well.

11
ETHICS AND MORALITY
NORMATIVE ETHICS
  • 5. Religious ethical ideals Christianity -
    links ethics and religion. Living the good life
    is obeying God. Based on teachings of Jesus in
    the New Testament. Emphasis on the importance of
    relationship. Great worth and importance of the
    individual. Morality was an expression of the
    heart, to God and to others.

12
ETHICS AND MORALITY
APPROACHES TO ETHICAL STANDARDS
  • 1. Absolutism - to live right is to obey.
    Authority can be helpful when examined
    critically, but blindly following authority can
    be dangerous. Divine law is seen as an absolute
    standard, but there is disagreement over Gods
    will. Emphasis on authority not as strong in
    modern society.

13
ETHICS AND MORALITY
APPROACHES TO ETHICAL STANDARDS
  • 2. Relativism - there are no fixed moral values
    - morals change from society to society, culture
    to culture, generation to generation. All
    ethical norms are subjective.

14
ETHICS AND MORALITY
APPROACHES TO ETHICAL STANDARDS
  • 3. Situation ethics - a compromise between
    absolutism and relativism. There are moral
    standards, but they must be applied flexibly,
    according to the situation at hand. Some apply
    this to Jesus and say love is absolute. But who
    says what is loving? This emphasizes self too
    much, not enough of my responsibility to others.

15
ETHICS AND MORALITY
PRINCIPLES IN USE TODAY
  • 1. Respect for persons - human life is valuable.
  • 2. Autonomy - we are free to make decisions.
  • 3. Beneficence - do good and do not do evil.

16
ETHICS AND MORALITY
PRINCIPLES IN USE TODAY
  • 4. Nonmaleficence - do no harm.
  • 5. Justice - treat all fairly.
  • 6. Honesty - tell the truth, although many see
    exceptions here.

17
ETHICS AND MORALITY
PRINCIPLES IN USE TODAY
  • 7. Other principles -
  • informed consent
  • confidentiality
  • double effect
  • paternalism

18
ETHICS AND MORALITY
PRINCIPLES IN USE TODAY
  • When principles collide - many times, two or more
    principles might come into conflict. The author
    says go with the principles we value the most
    highly. I would rather go with the principle that
    is of the highest value, whether I value it the
    highest or not! Sometimes doing what is good is
    easy, while doing what is best is costly.

19
ETHICS AND MORALITY
CONCLUSIONS
  • Most of us want to do the right things in life,
    its what and how that cause us problems.
    Absolutism is attractive it gives us rules.
    Relativism says the rules dont work and
    everything depends. Moral pluralism says people
    will agree on certain moral principles and
    disagree on other moral principles.
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