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East

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Title: East


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2
East Southeast Asia
  • Japan
  • American Occupation of Japan
  • Goals
  • To destroy militarism.
  • To ensure a democratic government.
  • Reforms
  • Japan formed a representative democracy with a
    new constitution forcing the emperor from power. 

  • Japan also rebuilt their industries using aid
    from the U.S.
  • Occupation ended in 1952, and Japan has since
    become the United State's strongest ally in the
    East, and also its main economic competitor
    around the world.

3
East Southeast Asia
  • Japanese Successes
  • Trade Investment
  • Developed a favorable balance of trade by
    importing raw materials, while exporting more
    profitable finished goods.
  • Trade Issue and Dependence on Oil
  • Japans need for raw materials showed the
    negativity of interdependence.
  • OPECs oil price hikes in the 1970s hurt Japans
    economy leading them to seek out new energy
    sources.

4
China
5
China
  • Equality of Women in China
  • Women won equality under the law in Chinas new
    constitution, changing many traditions in the
    country. While women made progress they did not
    enjoy full economic or social equality.

6
China
  • Biography Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
  • Leader of the Communist Party in China that
    overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists.
    Established China as the Peoples Republic of
    China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.
  • Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997)
  • Chinese Communist leader. Ruled from 1978 until
    1997.

7
China
  • Tiananmen Square Massacre
  • A political and social protest by university
    students in Beijing, China in 1989. The protest
    called for political and social reforms and
    resulted in the government using the military to
    end it, which caused hundreds of deaths,
    thousands of injured, and many more imprisoned.
  • Population Policies
  • Due to overcrowding the Chinese government
    instituted a one-child-per-family policy.
  • Family who followed the policy were rewarded
    while those who didnt, faced fines.

8
The Asian Tigers
  • Taiwan
  • Has experienced periods to Japanese, Chinese and
    American influence, but in Sept. 2007 asserted
    their independence from China.
  • Hong Kong
  • Turned into an economic force under British
    imperial control, but was returned to China in
    1997.
  • Singapore
  • Also turned into an economic force under British
    imperial control and became independent in 1963.
    This clean, quiet and orderly country pays a
    price for stability with limits on their freedom.

9
The Two Koreas
  • North Korea
  • Kim Il Sung brought Communism.
  • Refused reforms in the 1960s.
  • Under Kim Jong Il, failed government policies and
    terrible floods destroyed harvests.
  • In the late 1990s North Korea accepted food aid
    from the U.S. and South Korea.
  • South Korea
  • Strong economy due to low wages, long hours and
    worker sacrifices.
  • 1990s prosperity led to higher wages.
  • 1997 Asian financial crisis brought hardships,
    but conditions bettered by 2000.
  • Became democracy after direct elections were held
    in 1987.
  • Similarities
  • Most Koreans want to see their country reunited
    the Korean War was fought for that purpose.
  • They share the same history, language and
    culture.
  • Restoring unity is of global interest because of
    Koreas strategic location in Asia.

10
Independence in Southeast Asia
  • Vietnam
  • By 1954, Ho Chi Minh had succeeded in
    establishing North Vietnam, with the military aid
    of the communist world.  In order to stop the
    spread of communism, the United States took
    control of South Vietnam from France and
    established a democratic government under the
    leadership of Ngo Dinh Diem.  The Vietnam
    conflict between North and South Vietnam would
    not end until the mid-1970's, with a Communist
    victory.
  • Philippines
  • In 1946 the Philippines gained their independence
    from the U.S. The Philippines became a
    dictatorship under Ferdinand Marcos, but turned
    to a democracy under Corazon Aquino.
  • Myanmar (Burma)
  • Military rulers imposed state socialism similar
    to China for nearly 30 years. Under the strife,
    Aung San Suu Kyi won elections in Myanmar in
    1990, but when the election was rejected, Suu Kyi
    was put under house arrest and as of 1995 still
    fights for a democratic government.
  • Indonesia
  • A country of over 13,000 islands with a Muslim
    majority. The authoritarian government has
    struggled over the past 30 years with economic
    and human rights issues.

11
South Asia
  • The Largest DemocracyIndia
  • After Muhammad Ali Jinnah persuaded the British
    to partition, or divide India and Gandhi was
    assassinated, India and Pakistan went in two
    different directions.
  • India set up a federal system like the U.S. where
    powers were divided between a strong central
    government and smaller local governments.

12
India
  • Biography Jawaharlal Nehru
  • Rising to Congress President under the mentorship
    of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic,
    radical leader, advocating complete independence
    from the British Empire, and was eventually
    recognized as Gandhi's political heir.
  • Nehru Dynasty
  • His daughter Indira and grandson Rajiv would both
    also serve as Prime Minister and President of the
    Indian National Congress, as would Rajiv's wife
    Sonia. His long tenure was instrumental in
    shaping the traditions and structures of
    independent India.

13
Obstacles to progress in India
  • Green Revolution
  • Better irrigation, machinery, chemical
    fertilizers and pesticides.
  • Increase food production
  • Population Increase
  • Tripled since independence
  • Relation
  • Green Revolution eliminated agricultural jobs,
    overcrowding cities without enough jobs.
  • Goals
  • Build a Modern Secular State
  • Federal System
  • Promote Social Justice
  • Obstacles
  • Indias size
  • Diversity Regional Religious Divisions
  • Population issue

14
India
  • Social Changes
  • Caste System
  • Gandhi campaigned to end inhumane treatment of
    untouchables (harijans children of god). While
    some reforms have been made, untouchability is
    still an issue.
  • Women
  • Upper Middle Class women became educated, but
    poor women received little education and low
    paying jobs.
  • Nuclear Issue
  • As of 1998 both India and Pakistan had tested
    nuclear weapons, a dangerous sign due to their
    religious past.

15
Middle East
  • Forces Shaping the Modern Middle East
  • Religious Ethnic Differences
  • Judaism, Christianity Islam
  • Over 30 different languages
  • Differences have led to divisions
  • Natural Resources
  • Oil and water
  • Governments
  • Mainly authoritarian (dictators or monarchs), few
    democracies (Israel Turkey).
  • Islamic Traditions
  • Many Islamic reforms over the last 30 years have
    seen Muslims resorting back to the laws of the
    Quran and the Sharia instead of Westernizing.

16
Middle East
  • Birth of Israel (Balfour Declaration)
  • A promise made by British Prime Minister Arthur
    James Balfour to create a homeland for the Jewish
    people in 1917. This was not realized until
    1948.
  • Turkey Modernizes
  • Became a NATO nation during the Cold War with the
    help of the United States.
  • Government Economy
  • Became a democracy and was strengthened by Muslim
    reformers.
  • Their economy was modernized through farming and
    industry. This did bring urbanization, which led
    to overcrowding and unemployment.

17
Middle East
  • Iran
  • Oil rich nation
  • Shah carried out U.S. desires (1953-1978)
  • Shah became repressive to enemies.
  • Ayatollah Khomeini gains control in 1979.
  • Creates a theocracy based on Quran and Sharia.
  • Egypt
  • Nassar nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956.
  • Limited economic success under Socialism.
  • Gave Egyptian people more farmland and irrigation
    with the Aswan High Dam
  • Later leaders Sadat Mubarak made peace with
    Israel, but faced economic problems and
    urbanization.
  • Similarities
  • British colonial past.
  • Hatred toward Israel (Egypt under Nassar)
  • Heavily involved in Cold War politics

18
Middle East
  • Biography Gamal Abdel Nasser
  • President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970. He was
    responsible for nationalizing the Suez Canal, and
    was an important leader to the Arab world. He was
    often at odds with the West and Israel.
  • Arab Israeli Conflict
  • A series of wars were fought between the Jewish
    sate of Israel and the various surrounding
    Islamic states.  Religion was the core issue,
    while political and economic contentions made the
    wars have a global significance.
  • Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) One
    time terrorist organization, now considered to be
    a legitimate political body whose goals have been
    to create a nation-state for the displaced
    Palestinians. The PLO was lead by Yasir Arafat
    until his death in 2004, the current leader is
    Mahmoud Abbas.

19
Middle East
  • Civil War in Lebanon
  • War in Lebanon lasting for 16 years (1975-1990).
    The war was fought along both religious as well
    as political borders, where especially the
    Maronite Christians, Shi'ite Muslims, the Druze
    (Islamic sect), PLO, the Israeli as well as the
    Syrian army were the main contenders.
  • As many as 150,000 died and the economic losses
    estimated to have been from US 8 and 12
    billion.
  • While the capital city of Beirut has slowly
    returned to promise the country remains dependent
    on its neighbors for peace.

20
Middle East
  • Persian Gulf Wars
  • Iraq and Iran
  • Eight year war that ended in a stalemate after
    former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein seized a
    disputed border from Iran.
  • Iraq and Kuwait
  • Again, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein attacked and
    gained access to Kuwaiti oil fields and to the
    highly important Persian Gulf.  It was feared
    that Iraq would attack Saudi Arabia, therefore,
    in 1991, the United States, attacked Iraqi forces
    in Kuwait and drove them out.  The Persian Gulf
    War ended within weeks of its beginning. 
    However, Iraq was able to set fire to thousands
    of Kuwaiti oil-pipe lines prior to being ousted,
    creating a huge environmental disaster. 

21
Africa
  • Routes to Freedom
  • Ghana The nationalist leader Kwame Nkrumah was a
    believer in the principles of Gandhi.  He
    established autonomy for Ghana through civil
    disobedience and passive resistance. 
  • Kenya Kenya's nationalist leader, Jomo Kenyatta,
    used passive resistance like Nkrumah in Ghana. 
    However, Great Britain refused to end its control
    of Kenya and had imprisoned Kenyatta for guerilla
    warfare.  Regardless, the Mau Mau, Kenyan
    guerilla fighters, resisted British troops until
    Great Britain released Kenyatta and left in 1963
    with Kenyatta as the prime minister of a free
    Kenya.  
  • Algeria In 1962 they celebrated their freedom
    after the National Liberation Front fought
    against the French for 8 years.

22
Africa
  • Effects of Colonial Rulers (Colonial Heritage)
  • Economic Changes
  • Countries had to endure short-term problems to
    enjoy long-term success, but countries still
    struggle with their type of economy and ways of
    feeding their population.
  • Political Changes
  • Tribal leaders led to One-Party or Military
    rule. In need of loans countries legalized
    opposition parties, lifted censorship and allowed
    elections by the mid-1980s.
  • Education Health Care
  • With many nations resources stripped by
    imperialism Africa struggles to properly teach
    and keep healthy a continent that grew 370
    million people in 25 years.
  • Artificial Borders
  • When Imperialism ended many Africans felt loyalty
    to their ethnic group not a faceless national
    government.

23
Africa
  • Obstacles to Development
  • Population Poverty People are beginning to out
    number food and jobs.
  • Political Problems Civil Wars are still being
    fought for control over land in their countries.
  • Economic Dependence Because most countries can
    not support themselves they rely on other nations
    for food and resources.
  • Land Climate With a hot climate and desert
    land, farming is increasingly difficult with
    desertification and deforestation.
  • Economic Policies Struggling with socialism or
    capitalism alone, some nations have turned to
    mixed economies where there are private and state
    run enterprises.

24
Africa
  • People Environment (problems then now)
  • Drought Famine Hit hardest in the 1970s and
    80s, but international efforts helped save
    millions facing starvation.
  • Deforestation To boost earnings rainforests were
    slashed, the soils nutrients were washed away,
    but the Greenbelt movement by Wangari Maathi
    started to restore the environment.
  • AIDS This epidemic has effected 21 million
    Africans with about 4 million new infections each
    year.
  • Nigeria
  • Possesses oil, large population, fertile farm
    areas and two rivers.
  • Religious strife between Muslim north and
    Christian south.
  • Experienced oil wealth in the 1970s.
  • Economy nearly collapsed when oil prices fell in
    1980s.
  • Since independence, often lived under military
    rule, but has since Democratically elected.

Sahel
25
Africa
  • Congo/Zaire
  • Rushed to independence in 1960 by Belgium.
  • Nation included 200 ethnic groups and 100
    political parties.
  • Mobutu Sese Seko controlled the country for 34
    years by killing rivals and stealing money.
  • Late 1990s Mobutu overthrown.
  • By 2001 the Congo and its 9 neighbors were
    involved in the violent power struggles.
  • Tanzania
  • Formerly German land transferred to Britain after
    WWI.
  • One Party Rule under Socialist Julius Nyerere.
  • People worked as farmers to help export coffee,
    cotton, tea and tobacco.
  • Nyerere promoted ujamaa or family hood, this
    failed as farm output did not rise.
  • Reforms when Nyerere resigned in 1985. Ali Hassan
    Mwinyi was able to provide water, schools and
    health care to the people.
  • Zimbabwe
  • Originally controlled by Cecil Rhodes in the
    1890s.
  • White, Ian Smith declared independence in 1965
    when Britain supported black majority rule.
  • Through leaders Robert Mugabe Joshua Nkomo the
    nation of Zimbabwe was formed in 1980.
  • Mugabes one party leadership was hurt by
    sanctions, drought and tensions over land
    ownership that led to renewed violence in 2000.

26
  • Apartheid
  • A political policy in South Africa where black
    South Africans could only live in certain areas,
    were required to use separate trains, beaches,
    restaurants, and schools, and could not enter
    into an interracial marriage.
  • Resistance to Apartheid/ANC (African National
    Congress)
  • A group formed in protest of the policy of
    Apartheid in South Africa. It was eventually
    outlawed due to their violent tactics, and Nelson
    Mandela, one of its leaders, was imprisoned for
    over thirty years.

27
Biographies
  • Nelson Mandela (1918 present)
  • A black South African leader who protested the
    policy of Apartheid and spent over thirty years
    in prison before becoming the first black
    president of South Africa.
  • F.W. de Klerk (1936 present)
  • The white South African president who ended
    Apartheid in the early 1990s.
  • Desmond Tutu (1931- present)
  • Former schoolteacher, ordained priest and bishop
    who crusaded against apartheid.

28
South Africas Long Struggle
  • 1948 The Afrikaner National Party wins majority
    in white only parliament.
  • 1960 69 men, women and children gunned down in
    Sharpeville Massacre during a peaceful
    demonstration against Apartheid.
  • 1964 Nelson Mandela was arrested for conspiracy
    and condemned to life in prison.
  • 1980s Demands to end Apartheid and free Mandela
    intensify.
  • 1989-1990 New South African President F.W. de
    Klerk ends Apartheid, repeals the pass laws and
    lifts the ban on the ANC. Mandela was freed in
    1990.
  • 1994 First multiracial elections in which
    Mandela was elected President of the new
    democratic South Africa.

29
The Past Present of Africa
  • Urbanization
  • ½ of African people live in cities.
  • Developed national identity, but weakened
    traditional cultures.
  • Women
  • Upper class/Educated women experienced upward
    social mobility
  • Urban and Rural women experienced few rights as
    constitutions were not enforced.
  • The educated class is working to make rights
    better for all women.
  • Religion
  • People in Africa are predominately Christian and
    Islamic.
  • Both religions have met resistance to growth or
    lack of toleration in Rwanda (Christians)
    Algeria (Muslims).
  • The UN
  • After Independence African countries joined the
    United Nations.
  • In addition to being peacekeepers, the UN has
    helped with health care, literacy, economic
    development, ending racism, imperialism and
    uneven distribution of wealth.

30
Unrest in Latin America
  • Gap Between Rich Poor tiny elite refused
    reforms that threatened their power.
  • Social Classes Upper Europeans, while Lower
    mestizos, Natives Africans.
  • Population and Poverty 400 to 600 million in 10
    years, led to poverty.
  • Urban Growth 70 live in cities, poor
    conditions, but more opportunity for growth.
  • Military Regimes Caudillos took over Latin
    American countries, oppressing and murdering
    dissenters.
  • Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990), in Chile, Pinochet
    expanded the economy through capitalism, but this
    was one of the few successes.
  • Democratic Revival After military regimes of
    the 1960s 1970s, the mid-1980s brought
    elections after many repressive leaders stepped
    aside.

31
Revolution in Cuba Regional Issues
  • Biography Fidel Castro
  • Leader of the Cuban Revolution and communist
    dictator of Cuba. He is responsible for making
    Cuba a socialist country which has often been at
    odds with the United States.
  • Bay of Pigs
  • An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which
    was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose
    was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
  • Cuban Missile Crisis
  • Crises that developed as a result of Cuban
    dictator Fidel Castros decision to allow the
    Soviet Union to base nuclear missiles in Cuba.
    Upon discovery, the United States confronted the
    Soviet Union and demanded the missiles be
    removed. For nearly two weeks, nuclear war was
    imminent. Fortunately, diplomacy succeeded and
    crisis was averted.
  • U.S. Cuba Trade Policies
  • The U.S had a trade embargo against Cuba since
    the Cold War, but with Cuba no longer a threat
    this is unlikely to continue.
  • Drug Wars
  • After drug lords made huge profits off of illegal
    drugs in the 1970s the U.S. headed up efforts in
    the 1980s to destroy coca crops and fight against
    the spread of drug trafficking and usage.

32
Mexico
  • Politics/PRI
  • The Institutional Revolution Party (PRI) held
    control of Mexican politics from the Revolution
    in 1929 until 2000.
  • Poverty Prosperity
  • 1970s Economic Boom
  • Cause Change from agriculture to industry.
  • Effect Urbanization new oil reserves found.
  • 1980s Economic Decline
  • Cause Recession put Mexico into debt.
  • Effect The government reduced barriers to
    foreign businesses and privatized some
    industries, in order to pay off debts.

33
War Peace in Central America
  • Nicaragua
  • Under support of the U.S. the Somoza family was
    in control from 1936-1979. After decades of
    looting the country a revolutionary group called
    the Sandinistas overthrew the government. Then
    President Reagan backed a guerilla group called
    the contras, but the Sandinistas maintained
    political control until 1990.
  • Guatemala
  • Another example of authoritarian control gone
    wrong in which the common person struggled with
    civil war, repression and poor government. With
    help from the U.S. the 30 year civil war ended in
    1996, giving rights to the Guatemalan people.

34
Argentina Brazil
  • Argentina Brazil
  • Spanish descent Portugese
    descent
  • Isabel Peron, first Military
    regime fought
  • female president in Urbanization
    Communism with help
  • Western Hemisphere. led to poverty. from
    U.S.
  • Dirty War army Rich in natural res.
    Rejected monarchy
  • terrorism of leftist Experienced periods
    in favor of a republic.
  • guerilla, political of military rule.
    Squatters fought
  • enemies in 1976. Had democratic land
    owners for
  • Tried to take elections in land
    during the
  • Falkland Islands from 1980s. Landless
    Movement
  • Britain, this loss
  • ended military control.
  • Juan Peron Getulio Vargas improved wages
    worker benefits for the urban poor.
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