A country of diversity

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-A country of diversity- Saori Nagashima
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Indonesian Map (1997)
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The official Name of the CountryRepublic of
Indonesia Geography -is the world's largest ar
chipelago, spanning 3,200 miles from east to west
along the Equator and 1,100 miles from north to
south. -has 13,667 islands. Main Islands Java,
Sumatra, Sulawesi, Bali, Kalimantan, Nusa
Tenggara, Maluku, and Irian Java (the western
part of New Guinea). Population -209 million i
n 1997 -ranked as the world's 4th most populous
nation after China, India and the United States.
(80 of the people live in Java.)
Capital City Jakarta (1990 Census population
8.2 million) Other Major CitiesSurabaya(2.5 mill
ion), Bandung(2.0 million), Medan(1.7 million),
Semarang (1.2 million).
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Climate Equatorial 2 seasons. (Wet 11-4,
Dry 5-10) Language and Ethnicity National L
anguage (Bahasa Indonesia) was established in
1928.(its origin largely comes from Malay).
-has 300 distinct cultures and 365 languages and
dialects. Religion 85 Muslim, 10 Christian, 2
Hindu, and 3 Buddhist or animist.
Government (Military- ruled Republic) president
termevery 5 yr., selected by Peoples
Consultative Assembly Current President Jusuf Ha
bibie Currency Rupiah IndustryCoffee, Rice, Ti
n (top 3 in the world), Bauxite (4th), Natural
Gas, lumber(7th), Oil (14th)
Annual growth-10 Inflation40
Major Trading partner Japan, USA, Singapore

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Education 90 attend primary schools
86.3 are literate. 49 state universities and ov
er 200 private universities

Boy from Irian Jaya
weaving
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History of Indonesia
-First indigenous people in Indonesia
Pithecanthropus , Java man dated back about
500,000 years ago. (originated from India
and Burma) -immigrants from Southern China and I
ndochina began to populate around 3000 BC
-Powerful groups such as Buddhist Sirvijaya
empire and the Hindu Mataram kingdom appeared in
Java and Sumatra towards the end of 7th century
-The last important kingdom to remained Hindu was
the Majapahit, which was founded in the 13th ce
ntury - Subsequent spread of Islam in 14th centur
y forced the Majapahit move to Bali in the 1
5th century.
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History of Indonesia
-In 15th century, Muslim empire had developed
with its center at Melaka (Malaca) on the Malay
Peninsula but it fell to the Portuguese
in 1511. -Dutchs arrival begins at end of 16th
century -by the mid-18th century, Dutch East Indi
a Company took power of Java. -19 20th centur
y, government of Netherlands India, replaced the
Dutch East Company and extended its rule beyond
Java to Outer islands (Sumatra, Kalimantan(Bor
neo), Sulawesi, Irian Jaya and
thousand of small islands. -Exportation- oriente
d (to Europe)plantation economy flourished
(sugar, coffee, tea, tobacco, rubber, palm oil,
petroleum) -In 20th century, indigenous people, w
ho were influenced by European
intellectuals, they started to develop a
nationalism and political movement.
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Modern History of Indonesia
-In 1927 Sukarno created the first Indonesian
National Party and attempted to unite a nation b
y saying satu nusa, satu bangsa,
satu bahasa (one territory, one people, one
language). -Japanese troops came into Indonesia
and expelled the Dutch at the
beginning of the WWII. -At Japanese surrender a
t 1945, Sukarno declared the independence of
Indonesia -Dutch returned and had 4 year revol
utions between 1945-1949 (one of the longest ant
i-colonial war in Asia and Africa.)
-In 1949, the Indonesia nationalists won, and
established a parliamentarydemocracy and adopted
an European style constitution.
-In 1957,Parliamentary democracy was overthrown
by Sukarno and replaced with Guided democracy.(
more authoritarian style of government).
-the conflict between Sukarno and the army (Su
karno was going toward lrftists and the army be
came the rightists) -Indonesian Communist Party (
PKI)
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-Political crisis in 1965 The right-wing
military (Suharto was army- major general) took
coup detat toward Indonesian government and
placed President Sukarno under house arrest.
(fear of the country being taken by communist).
-the army practiced mass murders (about 300,
000 to 1 million killed) it is said that US he
lped with overthrowing Sukarno between 1959
and 1965 through military assistance).
-the military authoritarian regime was
established by Suharto (lasted
until in May 1998). -Suharto brought dramatic e
conomic progress but had notorious
reputation for invading and annexation of East
Timor -Economic crisis in 1998 ( Jan.1998) Rupi
ah was quoted as worlds

worst performing currency. 2.5 million peop
le lost jobs (nepotism) -Massive fires destroyed
millions of hectares of Indonesias forests
Sulawesi and Kalimantan burned and the whole
archipelago was in thick smoke for weeks
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Modern Indonesian History (contd)

- In March 1998, President Suharto was elected
to run for seventh five- year term. - Food s
hortages and price rises implemented under IMF
sparked anti- government demonstrations. In Ma
y, 6 students were shot dead by
the army. More than 500 people died in Jakarta
in the riots. - On May 21, Suharto finally resign
ed (after 32 years of being president)
and Habibie was replaced as a new Indonesian
President.
On June 7 1998, the election will
be conducted. For the first time in
decades, anyone can start a political party.

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Leaders of modern Indonesia
Habibie 1998-present
Sukarno Founder of the Indonesia (1955-1965)
Suharto Military general Anti -communist ( 1
965 - 1998 May)
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Current Issue
Independent Movement (ethnic religious
conflict) a) Ache (pop. 4.14 million) Oil, Natu
ral gas Dutch b) Irian Jaya(1.98 million
) Silver, Gold Dutch
c) East Timor(.9 million) Coffee
Portugal All 3 conflicts were mostly ca
used by the their anger toward the
unfair Java-centralized government and the
military- lead atrocities. East Timor (religious
conflict Muslim VS Christianity )
-an The Indonesian military government invaded
and annexed East Timor in 1975 (UN has not appro
ved this act), had the 1991 Dili massacre
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-24 years and 200,000 deaths later, the struggle
in East Timor goes on. Since April 1, as many
as 200 people have been slaughtered
on both pro-independence groups and a
pro-Indonesia militias. -In August, East Timor
will held a direct election to decide
their position as to stay as autonomy or to
have an independence from Indonesia.