Croatia:

1
Croatia
Drew Duggan dugganam_at_uwec.edu Geography 308 (Rus
sia and Eastern Europe Professor Zoltan Grossman
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Spring 2005

• 20th Century Politics Attempts at EU NATO
  membership

2
1941

• Axis Powers defeat the Kingdom of Yugoslavias
  army
  
• Independent State of Croatia created
• Hitler and Mussolini install Ustase extremist
  government in Croatia, which annexes Bosnia
  

http
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/Ante_Pav
elic.jpg
www.what-means.com/encyclopedia/Ustase
http//www.hercegbosna.org/images/ndh.jpg
3
Jasenovac Concentration Camp
www.geoskola.hr/.../ slike/Jasenovac640480.jpg

• Created by the Pro-Nazi Ustase government
• Third-largest concentration camp during WWII in
  Europe
  
• Estimated that over 700,000 killed
• 500,000 Serbs
• 40,000 Roma (Gypsies)
• 33,000 Jews

http//news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/1670000/images/_1673
249_jasenovac150.jpg
http//www.srbija-info.yu/g3/images/dete1.jpg
4
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

• Formed in 1945 after Ustase pushed out by
  Communist partisan leader Tito, Serbian Chetnik
  nationalists and Soviet Red Army (which
  withdrew)
• Josip Tito elected president 1953
• 1961 Non-Aligned Movement created (never a
  Warsaw Pact member)
  
• 1980 Tito dies, Who will succeed and hold
  Yugoslavia together?
  
• 1990-1991 Yugoslavia break-up begins

www.titoville.com/ images/tito-life.jpg
www.slobodnajugoslavija.com/ grafike/baner11.jpg
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageSFRYugoslaviaNu
mbered.png
5
Croatian Independence

• Croatia Proper had not been its own independent
  entity since 11th Century
  
• Croatia declared independence in 1990 officially
  declared June 25, 1991
  
• Franjo Tudjman became Croatian President in 1991

http//www1.cs.columbia.edu/sable/research/photos
/cn17283.jpg
www.imisite.org/images/ balkans_photo01.jpg
http//www.imisite.org/balkans.php
6
Refugees
http//see.oneworld.net/ezimagecatalogue/catalogue
/variations/13542-200x200.jpg

• After independence, nationalism strong in
  Croatia
  
• 300,000 displaced, mainly ethnic Serbs (only 1/3
  have returned)
  
• 1991 12.1 Serbs
• 2001 4.5 Serbs
• Many have returned, but not welcome and have left
  again for Serbia

http//www.human-net.org/war-issue/images/ilustr/f
romcroatia.jpg
weekly.ahram.org.eg/ 1999/419/in1.jpg
7
Ethnic Areas in 1991
http//www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/yugoslav.jpg
8
Franjo Tudjman

• First President of Republic of Croatia (head of
  Croatian Democratic Union party)
  
• Major rival of Serbian leader
  Slobodan Milosevic
  
• But together they wanted to partition
  Bosnia
  
• December 1999 dies in sleep

www.hidra.hr/stranke/ strgif/__logo_hdz.gif
http//www.bosnjacki-front.com/bilder/licnosti/tud
jman_milosevic.jpg
http//news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/560000/images/_56324
0_tudj1.jpg
http//images.google.com/imgres?imgurlhttp//news
.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/560000/images/_563240_tudj1.jpg
imgrefurlhttp//news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/
europe/newsid_563000/563240.stmh180w300sz60
tbnidI-rHdyo2OksJtbnh66tbnw110start2prev
/images3Fq3Dtudjman2B-2Bfuneral26hl3Den26lr
3D
9
Recent Politics

• 2000 Left-leaning Social Democratic Party
  elected to government
  
• 2003 Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) returned
  to power in election

zeljko-heimer-fame.from.hr/ images/hr7Dsdp.gif
www.politicalresources.net/ ruza2.gif
zeljko-heimer-fame.from.hr/ images/hr7Dhdz.gif
connexus.net.au/ mikuto/stamps/hsp.jpg
10
Croatian Leadership
http//www.amcham.hu/BusinessHungary/17-11/media/a
rticles/17-11_22b.jpg
http//partner.news.ch/img/article/86627-stipe.jpg
Ivo Sanader
Stipe Mesic
Croatian President (elected in 2003)
Croatian Prime Minister (elected in 2003)
http//news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/40683000/jpg/_4
0683983_mesic_b203_ap.jpg
http//www.vecernji.net/system/galleries/pics/0412
14/unu-sanader-txt.jpg
11
Croatia applies to EU, 2003
http//www.vadneteurope.com/eu_map_big3.gif
www.hybtech.org/ images/EU20Flag.gif
Not admitted with 10 ex-Socialist state, 2004
12

• Social Democratic Party proposed idea of EU
  membership. When HDZ won 2003 election - Ivo
  Sanader promises to concentrate on economic
  prosperity and Croatias admission into the EU
• February 2003 Croatia formally applies

www.mei.hr/Slike/ 2004/06/21/6084100.JPG
13
European Union Application

• The European Union is founded on the principles
  of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights
  and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law,
  principles which are common to the Member States.
  - Website European Union in the U.S. EU Policy
  and Overview
•  Does Croatia meet these standards?

14
General Ante Gotovina
http//www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/20041231/images/TE
ME14D.jpg

• Last hurdle to EU membership
• Forcibly took Krajina region
  in 1995
  
• Tribunal accusations
• 150 Serbs killed
• 150,000 driven out

http//www.co-me.net/images/friendship20in20irel
and.jpg
www.cascarino.homestead.com/ files/antepope.jpg
http//www.24ur.com/media/images/large/Jan2005/602
8943.jpg
15
Croatian Response

• Deserving of EU membership
• Implementation of social domestic reform
• Fully participating in War Crimes Tribunal in The
  Hague
  
• Trying everything they can to find Gotovina
• Frozen all financial assets
• Gotovinas whereabouts not known
• How can we extradite someone we dont have?

16
Yugoslavia Tribunal

• Testified against Milosevic, idea of Greater
  Serbia
  
• But supported Greater Croatia
• Im not the one on trial

• Charged with breaching the Geneva Convention and
  crimes against humanity against Croatia

Slobodan Milosevic
Stipe Mesic
http//news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/38291000/jpg/_3
8291189_mesicafp150.jpg
http//news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/38289000/jpg/_3
8289373_icty_milosevic2_ap150.jpg
17
EU Members Response
http//www.nacional.hr/pictures/politika/925_.jpg

• Croatia not fully cooperative
• Too little, too late
• EU not messing aroundWant admittance? Get Ante
  Gotovina
  
• Legitimacy of EU and UN
• March 2005 Talks shelved
• Croatia still wants EU admission in 2007

Carla del Ponte of the War Crimes Tribunal
18
The best way for Croatia to rid itself of its
twentieth century heritage is to step into an
economic and political association with the
members of the European Union and align itself in
a military and political association with NATO.
Croatian Foreign Minister Tonino Picula

• Croatia (along with Albania and Macedonia) joined
  MAP (Membership Action Plan)
  
• Further improving relations with the West

http//www.internationalspecialreports.com/europe/
01/croatia/nato_eu.html
19
Croatian-US Relations

• Increased friendship with American Government
• Proposed congressional bill
• Congressional delegation visit to Croatia
• State of the Union
• Afghanistan
• Croatian Air Space

http//www.croatiaemb.org/in20the20spotlight/Whi
te20House20US20Adriatic20Charter1.jpg
20
NATO Membership
Contingent on 1.Development of democracy 2. Dev
elopment of civilian controlled army
3. Improved treatment of minorities
http//www.fas.org/man/nato/national/map.gif
21
Croatias Case

• Improving regional stability
• Croatian admittance wont stir Russian Bear
  (Baltic States)
  
• 2000 - Partnership for Peace member
• 2001 - Joined Vilnius Group
• 2002 - Membership Action Plan
• Marks formal relations with NATO
• Currently in the middle of third cycle

• 2006 Target date for membership

22
http//www.intratours.com/Images/Custom/map-europe
.gif
23
www.namsa.nato.int/ gallery/diagrams/s-map_sm.gif
24
NATO Position

• Croatia is closebut more must be done
• 2 of GDP spent on defense
• Aid refugees return
• Continued cooperation in Adriatic Three
• General Gotovina must be handed over

www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/ 20041231/temedana02.asp
http//see.oneworld.net/ezimagecatalogue/catalogue
/variations/13542-200x200.jpg

www.linux-penguin.org/ achtungpanzer/pol/poltk.htm

http//www.adriaticcharter.gov.mk/Assets/Pics/Mini
striesCooperating2.jpg
25
Croatian Advances

• Cooperating with ICTY the best they can
• If Gotovina were in Croatia he would be
  considered there as a fugitive before the
  Croatian law and the Croatian institutions, and
  if he was there he would be arrested. On the
  other hand, if Gotovina is not in Croatia we
  would like to ask for cooperation of the other
  institutions and from other countries to provide
  their assistance. - Stipe Mesic
• Dayton-Paris Accords show commitment to improving
  relations within Balkan States
  
• Laws passed giving all Serb citizens the right to
  return to their homes in Croatia

26
balkansnet.org/ dayton3.gif
http//americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features
/justiceontrial/justiceontrial/images/daytonpeacea
ccord.gif
27
http//www.ladocfrancaise.gouv.fr/dossier_actualit
e/serbie_montenegro/images/accord_cadre_bh.jpg
28
Conclusion

• Goal to be a member of EU and NATO by end of
  decade
  
• EU membership on hold
• NATO membership looms on the horizon (as soon as
  2006?)
  
• General Ante Gotovina last major hurdle
• Croatia making strong case with domestic policy
  changes and cooperation with U.S. and allied
  forces

29
Sources

• Wikipedia Encyclopedia Website http//en.wikipedia
  .org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia
  
• International Monitor Institute www.imisite.org/
  balkans.php
  
• Almanac Section of Infoplease.com
  http//www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107439.html
  
• Human Rights Watch Website http//www.hrw.org/pres
  s/2003/09/croatia090203.htm
  
• BBC News Website http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/
  europe/563295.stm
  
• Business of Hungary Website http//www.amcham.hu/B
  usinessHungary/17-11/articles/17-11_22.asp
  
• Templeton Thorp Website http//www.templetonthorp.
  com/en/news247
  
• The European Union in the U.S. Website
  http//www.eurunion.org/legislat/HumanRights.htm
  
• EuroActive Website http//www.euractiv.com/Article
  ?tcmuritcm29-136825-16typeNews
  
• BBC News Website (Yugoslavia Tribunal)
  http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own
  _correspondent/2301993.stm
  
• International Special Reports Website
  http//www.internationalspecialreports.com/europe/
  01/croatia/nato_eu.html
  
• Croatian Embassy Washington, D.C.
  http//www.croatiaemb.org/in20the20spotlight/Pri
  meMinisterSanaderWhiteHouse.htm
  
• Templeton Thorp Website http//www.templetonthorp.
  com/en/news456