APPLICATION AND INTEGRATION OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS IN E NEIGHBOURHOOD

1
APPLICATION AND INTEGRATION OF INTELLIGENT
SYSTEMS IN E- NEIGHBOURHOOD

• A. Kaklauskas, G.Kaklauskas, M. Krutinis,
• Vilnius Gediminas Technical University,
  Sauletekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania,
  e-mail Arturas.Kaklauskas_at_st.vtu.lt

2
Electronic Neighbourhood

• A neighbourhood (in British English) or
  neighborhood (in American English) is a
  geographically localised community located within
  a larger city or suburb. The residents of a given
  neighbourhood are called neighbours (or
  neighbors), although this term may also be used
  across much larger distances in rural areas.
  Traditionally, a neighbourhood is small enough
  that the neighbours are all able to know each
  other. However in practice, neighbours may not
  know one another very well at all.
• Electronic neighbourhood is, in its simplest
  form, the conduct of neighbourhood activities on
  the Internet. Today the term is used rather
  freely to describe any situation or solution that
  has made the migration from real world to the
  Internet.

3
Electronic Neighbourhood (2)

• IT is not only some fancy new technology that
  makes it possible to rationalise work. IT is now
  the basis for societal development in the
  so-called network society. Urban development in
  the network society is based on two aspects of
  the city the digital city and the physical city.
  On one hand the digital city is taking over
  functions that traditionally belonged to the
  physical city. Several functions are being
  carried out by means of information technology
  without any kind of physical artefacts. On the
  other hand IT is becoming part of the
  infrastructure of the physical city in the form
  of intelligent artefacts and architecture that
  function as interfaces for digital information.
  Similarly urban planning is experiencing a change
  of paradigms in the form of new types of urban
  regeneration and urban planning conventional
  functional plans are being extended by extremely
  complex, flexible models in which representative
  democracy is combined with partnerships and
  active participation and rational thinking is
  combined with reflective thinking on the part of
  all players in the city context. In this change
  the involvement of users is intensified and the
  professionals are given new roles, the result
  being not only better physical solutions but also
  a spin-off benefit in the form of new networks
  between the various players who are essential in
  the development of new solutions 5.

4
E-Voice

• The project E-VOICE 15 intends to concentrate
  on e-democracy/e-government in order to try and
  renew the political information, communication
  and interaction processes between elected
  politicians, the administration and the citizens
  including young people - on a local and/or
  regional level at various locations in the North
  Sea Region with the support of the 'new' media
  (internet, e-mail, sms, i-mode, etc.) in
  combination with the 'old' media (television,
  radio, (mobile) telephone, newspapers, etc). Some
  possible examples are 15
• the organisational development of digital office
  hours citizens get the opportunity topose
  questions to mayor, aldermen and/or council
  members by e-mail or by direct communication via
  the internet and web-tv
• online townhall e.g. experimental broadcasts of
  the yearly local-council budgetary meeting
• digital debates and online panel discussions for
  citizens
• electronic neighbourhood groups.

5
E-Kvarter

• The Electronic Neighbourhood project (the
  e-kvarter) is part of major research into the
  impact of information technology (IT) on urban
  development and urban planning. IT is not only
  some fancy new technology that makes it possible
  to rationalise work. IT is now the basis for
  societal development in the so-called network
  society'. Urban development in the network
  society is based on two aspects of the city the
  digital city and the physical city. On one hand
  the digital city is taking over functions that
  traditionally belonged to the physical city. On
  the other hand IT is becoming part of the
  infrastructure of the physical city in the form
  of intelligent' artefacts and architecture that
  function as interfaces for digital information
  9.

6
Functions of E-Neighbourhood

• Electronic neighbourhood involve a lot of
  functions. As example, the short description of
  Home Monitoring, electronic version of the
  Neighbourhood Watch and Intelligent home is
  following.
• BT Home Monitoring is a complete protection
  system for home that alerts inhabitants to
  potential emergencies - wherever they are.
  Wireless sensors link to an Internet monitoring
  service. This sends alerts via fixed line phone,
  text message and email to inhabitants and a list
  of nominated contacts if there is a threat to
  home. BT Home Monitoring offers round the clock
  protection for home and family. The following
  advantages BT Home Monitoring is giving for
  inhabitants 12
• Home protection - place sensors around your home
  to detect intruders or the threat of fire (fire
  detection requires smoke detectors - sold
  separately).
• Personal protection - panic alarm function allows
  people inside your home to summon help in an
  emergency.
• Intruder deterrence - loud internal warning siren
  deters potential intruders.
• Simple to install - designed for easy
  self-installation. No need for complex wiring,
  all components pre-programmed for immediate use.
• Real time response - alerts by fixed line phone,
  text message or email tell you if your home is
  under threat (call charges apply).
• Control and assurance - build a network of
  trusted friends and neighbours who'll also
  receive alerts, an 'electronic neighbourhood
  watch'.
• Remote monitoring - see the status of your home
  online any time, from anywhere.
• Expands to fit any home - the starter kit suits a
  small to medium sized home. Add up to 28 sensors
  to suit your property.

7
Functions of E-Neighbourhood (2)

• A new, electronic version of the Neighbourhood
  Watch concept was praised by local authorities
  and community safety groups around the country
  for successfully tackling crime and the fear of
  crime. The AlertBox, which is about the size of a
  paperback book, uses a secure network of
  state-of-the-art radio technology which allows
  neighbours to contact each other instantly via
  electronic messages. The whole community can be
  warned of nuisance callers or suspicious persons
  at the touch of a single button. The system also
  allows neighbours to call each other in the event
  of an emergency, such as fire or accident, while
  they wait for the emergency services. The
  system is already being trialled by a number of
  local authorities, including the London Borough
  of Barnet, as well as Rhondda Cynon Taf Community
  Safety Partnership, which has provided AlertBoxes
  for a local primary school, magistrates' courts
  and a doctor's surgery. Neighbourhood Watch
  itself - is not an alterative to the emergency
  services but it does offer a valuable back-up and
  peace of mind. Knowing that you just have to
  press one button to alert your neighbours to a
  nuisance caller or to call for help, is something
  that vulnerable people, such as the elderly or
  those who live alone, will really value 13.

8
Web-based Expert and Decision Support Systems in
Neighbourhood Activities

• Expert systems today generally serve to relieve a
  human professional of some of the difficult but
  clearly formulated tasks. The expert systems
  cultivated within cyberspace universes for
  neighbourhood activities enable executives to
  incorporate relevant best practices and
  benchmarking applications into the daily
  activities of the neighbourhood residents. The
  description of a few experts systems is
  following.
• Developing a contaminated site can be costly and
  time-consuming. There are literally hundreds of
  decisions to take investigation and remediation
  can be biological, chemical, geophysical or
  hydrological, and new techniques are being
  developed all the time. Norisc, a consortium of
  European research groups, companies and
  regulators, has made the process much easier by
  creating a piece of expert system to guide the
  user through this process. It draws on a huge
  quantity of data including contamination profiles
  from different industries, EU and US legislation,
  and an inventory of techniques with their costs
  and outcomes. Designed for use by regulators,
  consultants and developers, the software supports
  evaluation of a site, risk assessment and the
  choice of remediation method. It has been tested
  in four European cities, showing that it can
  reduce the cost of redeveloping contaminated
  sites by half, and the time taken to carry out a
  risk assessment by up to 80 1.

9
Web-based Expert and Decision Support Systems in
Neighbourhood Activities (2)

• OSCAR (Optimised Expert System for Conducting
  Environmental Assessment of Urban Road Traffic)
  is a European project 2 that addresses the
  major problem of road traffic congestion and the
  resulting air pollution in urban areas. The
  quality of life of the citizen is expected to
  diminish in several ways as a result of the
  growth in urban traffic, including increased
  journey times, deterioration in air quality and
  health of vulnerable groups, and decreased
  economic efficiency of industry and business. In
  terms of air quality it is recognised that limit
  values for NO2 and PM10 will be difficult to meet
  in many European urban areas. Current
  environmental assessment models, however, cannot
  adequately address complex traffic situations and
  micro-scale dispersion patterns observed in urban
  streets 2.
• TSG (Developing a Streetspace Reallocation Tool)
  was funded under the EPSRC/DTLR FIT research
  programme to examine the feasibility of
  developing a design tool and expert system, that
  will lead to higher quality and more innovative
  streetscape designs. Aimed primarily at the
  designer and decision maker, the tool would bring
  together a number of functionalities (i) a
  GIS-based design tool with CAD capabilities,
  incorporating broad and detailed knowledge/data
  relating to road casualties, land uses etc (ii)
  a formal approach to the assessment and balancing
  of street user needs (iii) a systematic approach
  to streetspace reallocation (iv) detailed
  information on elements of the street, and (v)
  examples of good practice drawn from across
  Europe. The study identified potential markets
  for such a tool, with interest heightened as a
  result of skill shortages, the recent sharp
  increase in guidance and the need to take a more
  comprehensive approach to street design issues.

10
Expert System support in the Social Services
field

• Svensson 17 concludes the success of expert
  system support in the social services field was
  much helped by three factors
• 1) The regulation, especially its volume,
  complexity and completeness Svensson 17
  foresees a trend towards computerizable
  legislation also in other fields so as to make it
  possible to roll out the practical successes of
  expert systems also to these fields.
• 2) The changing professional status of the
  general assistance worker Svensson 17 believes
  the expert systems have empowered a previously
  deskilled group with declining status.
• 3) An increased scrutiny and an increasingly
  rigorous control structure, rendering
  municipalities financially responsible for faulty
  decisions. Svensson 17 clearly illustrate the
  complex issue of introducing automated tools into
  the administration. While reasons of economy,
  equality before the law and openness can be
  advanced to support the use, there are still a
  number of issues that speak against it.
  Especially notable is the shift from
  theoretical/principal to pragmatic argumentation.
  This means trust is an important issue. In the
  Dutch social services, it seems trust in the ICT
  tools at a certain point in time exceeded trust
  in the manual system.

11
Expert System support in the Social Services
field

• Svensson 17 concludes the success of expert
  system support in the social services field was
  much helped by three factors
• 1) The regulation, especially its volume,
  complexity and completeness Svensson 17
  foresees a trend towards computerizable
  legislation also in other fields so as to make it
  possible to roll out the practical successes of
  expert systems also to these fields.
• 2) The changing professional status of the
  general assistance worker Svensson 17 believes
  the expert systems have empowered a previously
  deskilled group with declining status.
• 3) An increased scrutiny and an increasingly
  rigorous control structure, rendering
  municipalities financially responsible for faulty
  decisions. Svensson 17 clearly illustrate the
  complex issue of introducing automated tools into
  the administration. While reasons of economy,
  equality before the law and openness can be
  advanced to support the use, there are still a
  number of issues that speak against it.
  Especially notable is the shift from
  theoretical/principal to pragmatic argumentation.
  This means trust is an important issue. In the
  Dutch social services, it seems trust in the ICT
  tools at a certain point in time exceeded trust
  in the manual system.

12
TRAde Control and Expert System

• TRACES (TRAde Control and Expert System) is the
  first pan-European e-government application in
  the field of food safety. It consists in a single
  central database to track the movement of animals
  and certain types of products. The new system
  will benefit all authorities and economic
  operators concerned by the animal trade by, among
  other things 18
• Improving the amount and quality of information
  as well as the exchange of information between
  national and EU authorities in order to trace
  animal movements.
• Providing a system of electronic veterinary
  certificates enabling trade operators to enter
  the relevant information online.
• ?Managing lists of establishments in non-EU
  countries that are authorised to export products
  of animal origin to the EU, while also managing
  rejected consignments at EU borders.
• ?Enabling improved controls on public and animal
  health and on animal welfare.
• ?Centralising risk assessments of potential
  disease outbreaks.

13
Model for teledemocracy

• The five elements of the Dutch "model for
  teledemocracy" are described as follows 20
• STEP 1 INFORMATION. Starting point a concrete
  proposal, probably by local or national
  government, about a certain topic, like building
  a new highway or cutting down a forest or
  whatever. Plus independent background information
  on this topic, including pro's and con's as
  uttered by all parties involved, like governments
  and action groups and individual citizens. For
  this part of the information, the editors are
  responsible. They provide also links to all
  existing sources of information available on the
  Internet on the topic, being supplied by the
  parties involved. For the content of these
  sources, the editors are not responsible. The
  objective editorial information should be
  provided by independent information-brokers.
  People like university-professors, judges or
  journalists. This could even be a new profession,
  the "referendarists", people not being tied to
  government or to commerce and analyzing local and
  regional problems and their possible solutions.
  They would formulate the referendum questions and
  construct the voting options.
• STEP 2 DEBATING. Mailing lists and news groups
  about the current topic. Everyone concerned can
  join the debate. Possibility to bring up new
  alternatives for the current proposal. Also -
  possibility to bring up new topics for new
  teledemo-debates/votings. Before a topic is
  accepted, the one who proposed it must raise a
  basic amount of people supporting the proposal,
  in order to prevent a flood of voting-demands
  that can not be handled.

14
Model for teledemocracy (2)

• STEP 3 INDIVIDUAL VOTING-ADVICE. The current
  topic is cut into several sub-questions or
  sub-aspects by the editorial team, which the
  voter answers off-line or on-line, stating his
  view on the importance and ranking of these
  sub-aspects. The answers are clustered by fuzzy
  logic or expert system and turned into an
  individual voting-advice, getting back on screen
  on-line, consisting of detailed sentences, each
  representing a cluster. Basically it is an
  overview of voters' values on the subject. It is
  his/her importance ranking of the underlying
  issues at stake, like being more concerned about
  preventing environmental damage or being more
  concerned about cutting costs. Including an
  advice as on how to vote regarding the proposal
  at stake (which may be ignored of course).
• STEP 4 COLLECTIVE VOTING-ADVICE. All individual
  voting-advices of all voters are clustered into
  graphics, showing how many and what kind of
  people agree with or oppose the current topic and
  why. For example a majority of voters in
  age-group 35-45 years and zip-code 1000-1200 is
  againt the proposal because they think
  environment is going to be damaged in the current
  proposal. This step is accomplished using
  pseudo-identities from which the personal
  information is stripped away, leaving only the
  essential general data such as postal code and
  age-group. This procedure allows for use in
  governmental decison-making without violating
  indivual privacy, that is, without revealing
  individual voting behaviour.
• STEP 5. VOTING. Voter is granted permission to
  the Web-page, c.q. authenticated to vote on the
  current topic, by his/her passport-data. The city
  he lives in gives him a public key for
  voting-rights. A permanent voting-key is made out
  of this data, using the pseudo-identity idea
  developed by DigiCash among others. This process
  garantees that the the voting-system knows that
  the voter is permitted to vote but that the
  system does not know what the voter votes.

15
Public Participation GIS and Web-based Community
Decision Support

• Public participation GIS and Web-based community
  decision support is described in this section
  from attitude of different worldwide known
  researchers and practicians.
• Kingston (Kingston, 2003) demonstrates the
  potential for linking GIS-based spatial
  microsimulation decision support systems (SDSS)
  to Virtual Decision-Making Environments (VDMEs)
  to allow local policy makers as well as the
  general public to explore local policy problems
  and become more involved in the public
  participation processes. Kingston (Kingston,
  2003) addresses some technical aspects of the
  linkage of spatial microsimulation modelling
  frameworks to VDMEs. It also deals with the wider
  implications that such a linkage may have to
  local governance procedures. It will therefore be
  of interest to local government policy makers and
  practitioners as well as to researchers
  interested in the prospects of policy simulation
  models for the enhancement of local democracy.

16
MicroMaPPAS

• Kingston (Kingston, 2003) described MicroMaPPAS
  (Micro-simulation Modelling and Predictive Policy
  Analysis System), which is an SDSS under
  development for Leeds City Council. The
  innovative feature of this system is the use of
  spatial microsimulation techniques for the
  enhancement of local policy decision making.
  Kingston (Kingston, 2003) presented examples of
  how MicroMaPPAS can be used for the impact
  assessment of local policies. It is shown how
  policy makers can use the system to gain insights
  on the socio-economic polarisation within the
  city in order to make informed policy decisions.
  The public that is involved in using this
  system is primarily the officers of the local
  council. Nevertheless, Kingston (Kingston, 2003)
  also argues the case for the extension of the
  system enabling local community groups to use the
  tool as a mechanism for obtaining National and
  European funding for community regeneration
  projects.  It also allows for public feedback to
  elected officials on the design of policies to
  ameliorate local socio-economic problems. In
  particular, it is argued, given that MicroMaPPAS
  is being developed in JAVA, that it can be put on
  the Internet and linked to VDMEs. It is suggested
  that systems such as MicroMaPPAS can be used to
  inform the general public about the potential of
  local policies and to enhance, in this way.

17
Open Digital Administration

• Open Digital Administration is used for
  consolidates information (about citizens,
  companies, projects, regulations, procedures,
  guidance etc. including a range of diverse
  information e-mail, video and other data files),
  consolidates solutions (a parent case handling
  solution with optional specialised subsystems
  (i.e. dealing with building permits, Geographical
  Information Systems etc.)), consolidates user
  interface and user access (implying one common
  user interface for all general solutions) and
  integrates administrative and knowledge processes
  used both in the public and the private sector.
• The idea behind this consolidation is to make one
  basic system or set of principles, which suits
  the needs of both employees, other authorities,
  citizens, companies and organisations. The means
  of user access will differ (normally Lotus Notes
  or Internet browses), the authorisation for
  information will differ (what am I allowed to
  see) and the solutions will differ (case
  handling, self-service, education etc.), but it
  is based at the same kernel.

18
The benefits of the Open Digital Administration

• For citizens, companies and networkers better,
  cheaper and higher quality information self
  service ("One-Stop-Shopping" most services as
  seen from the users can be found in one place.
  Electronic mail and forms gives far quicker means
  of communication and the digital architecture
  makes it possible to simplify the forms making
  them easier and quicker to fill out. The dynamic
  form guides the user through an optimal process
  (best practice). Forms gives the user direct and
  secure access to own cases by digital signature)
  and new democratic means of expression (the
  direct access, through e-mail, to the political
  representatives will be already in place. In the
  future it will be possible to establish
  electronic debate forums where the citizens can
  get in a dialogue with each other and the
  politicians about specific subjects, for example
  local area planning).
• For administrations and citizens, companies and
  networkers better real time overview for both
  citizens, public and private users at the same
  time (regulations, information about persons and
  projects etc.) better case handling (deadlines,
  work flow. Exactly because it will be possible to
  send electronic documents from one case worker to
  another and to build in automatic alarms, which
  alerts the employee when a deadline is getting
  near, the work process becomes easier and faster.
  The simplified forms results in fewer errors and
  hereby quicker processing) closer contact with
  the citizen (electronic mail, forms and direct
  access to own cases) better means of
  education/reduction/lifelong learning through
  flexible tele-education better overview of
  bottlenecks and critical paths in the whole
  administration (usually the goal is to link
  together different forms from several
  organisations. Today many applications to one
  organisation demand support documents from one or
  more third party organisation and therefore the
  total service time is not only measured through
  one application but a series of applications for
  one and the same "citizen-case". The relationship
  of those forms is deciding the total service time
  for a citizens application for a service).
• Above measures will lead to a number of important
  changes in the relationship between citizen and
  civil servants.

19
Info-kiosks for e-Services

• The main concept behind the introduction of the
  e-kiosk network is to offer essential e-public
  and business services to customers in a highly
  accessible and user-friendly way. Citizens will
  be able to use the e-kiosk network for a whole
  range of services, including taking care of
  banking business, payment of electricity, water
  bills, online bus reservation and ticketing,
  registration of births and deaths, payment of
  house tax and other fees/charges, sending and
  reading e-mail, online shopping, sending SMS
  messages to GSM/WAP phones worldwide and doing
  business with government offices. With special
  regard to the latter, the e-kiosk network also
  will be able to include a reader for the
  electronic identification card, making business
  with government offices. In the furthers future
  it is hoped that the e-kiosk network will also
  have the facility for people to make travel
  arrangements, including the printing out of
  tickets upon payment.
• The e-kiosk network also can provide local
  services grouped into themes. These can be
  related to local businesses, local service
  providers, local and national government offices.
  Use of the e-kiosk network can be mostly free of
  charge, with only sending e-mail and surfing the
  Web subject to any fees.

20
Intelligent Transport Systems

• Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are capable
  of opening up new ways of achieving sustainable
  mobility in our communications and information
  society. ITS include Travel and Traffic
  Management Systems (pre-trip travel information,
  route driver information, route guidance, ride
  matching and reservation, traveller services
  information, traffic control, incident
  management, travel demand management, emissions
  testing and mitigation), Public Transportation
  Operations Systems (public transportation
  management, route transit information,
  personalised public transit, public travel
  security), Electronic Payment Systems, Commercial
  Vehicles Operations Systems (commercial vehicle
  electronic clearance, automated roadside safety
  inspection, onboard safety monitoring, commercial
  vehicle administration process, hazardous
  materials incident response, freight mobility),
  Emergency Management Systems (emergency
  notification and personal security, emergency
  vehicle management), Advanced Vehicle Control and
  Safety Systems (longitudinal collision avoidance,
  lateral collision avoidance, intersection
  collision avoidance, vision enhancement for
  collision avoidance, safety readiness, pre-crash
  restraint deployment), etc.

21
Intelligent Transport Systems (2)

• ITS can contribute to reduce the number of
  accidents, their severity, and the time taken for
  the emergency services to provide rescue
  response. The most significant applications
  include speed management (warning, driver
  feedback, control) and driver and vehicle
  monitoring. Many applications will increase the
  safety of vulnerable road users, particularly
  children, elderly people, and the disabled. Some
  examples include
• Adaptive speed control.
• Incident detection and warning systems.
• Faster emergency response times.
• Camera systems for speed and traffic signal
  enforcement.
• Automatic traffic control for pedestrians and
  cyclists.
• Weather and microclimate monitoring.
• Anticollision system.
• Enhanced vision systems.
• Congestion is a major problem for all groups of
  users is a major goal of ITS programs.

22
Integration of e-Neighbourhood Intelligent and
Institutional Systems

• The knowledge systems would be more useful if it
  drove decision support systems. Computational and
  analytical models could be applied to the
  information in the knowledge base so as to
  support decision-making. Some modules could be
  applied to the knowledge base so as to make
  recommendations. Also decision support systems
  can facilitate the analysis, retrieval, and
  dissemination of explicit knowledge. This
  explicit knowledge consists of all documents,
  accounting records, and data stored in computer
  memories. Explicit knowledge refers to codified
  knowledge that is transmittable in formal,
  systematic language and is easily transferred by
  using Information Technology.

23
Inteligent DSS and Expert DSS

• For example, the integrated expert and decision
  support systems have been called intelligent DSS
  (IDSS), knowledge-based management support
  systems (KMMS), expert DSS (EDSS), expert support
  systems (ESS) and knowledge-based DSS. Various
  forms of this integration have been examined and
  a variety of system architectures have been
  proposed. Moreover, based on a broad
  classification of current types of information
  systems, Mentzas (1994) identified some of the
  essential features for intelligent decision
  making support. According to King (1990) the ES
  component in earlier systems was used to develop
  a domain specific knowledge base with the DSS
  serving as an "information resource", providing
  factual data and models for the analysis of the
  problem at hand. Research attempts have enhanced
  the role of the expert system component to an
  intelligent frontend to the DSS. These two
  dimensions generate four basic architectures,
  named (somewhat arbitrarily as) "loosely coupled
  systems", "merged subsystems", "intelligent
  interfaces" and "expert command languages".

24
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