Kidney Stones

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Kidney Stones

• Ayesha Aslam
• 12-10275
• BIOT 412

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A kidney stone is a hard mass developed from
crystals thatseparate from the urine and build
up on the inner surfaces of the kidney.
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Incidence risk factors

• Substances in abnormal quantity.
• Dehydration
• Block the flow of urine.

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The most common cause of kidney stones is not
drinking enough water.
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Causes

• Acc. to type of stone
• Calcium ones especially calcium oxalate. Oxalate
  from certain food.
• Cystine stonescystnuria.
• Urinary tract infection (women) struvite stones
• Gout chemotherapy uric acid stones.. Common in
  men.

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Symptoms and signs of a kidney stone include
excruciating, cramping painin the lower back
and/or side, groin, or abdomen as well as blood
in the urine.
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Symptoms

• Severe pain in belly area move to groin.
• Abnormal urine color.
• Blood in urine.
• Nausea.
• Fever.
• Vomiting.

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Signs

• Restless
• Very distress
• Pale
• Nauseated
• Sweaty
• Abdomen may feel tender to touch.

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A helical CT scan without contrast material is
the mostcommon test to detect stones or
obstruction within the urinary tract.
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Diagnosis/ tests

• Abdominal CT scan
• Abdominal/kidney MRI
• Abdominal x-ray
• Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
• Kidney Ultrasound
• Retrograde Pyelogram

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Depending on the size, most stones eventually
pass on their own within 48 hours.
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Treatment

• Primary treatment
• Pain relievers
• NSAIDS e.g. Ibuprofen.
• Morphine
• Medication
• Allopurinol
• Antibiotics
• Diuretics
• Phosphate solution
• Sodium bicarbonate
• Surgery

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For kidney stones that do not pass on their own,
a shock wave procedurecalled lithotripsy is
often used to break up a large stone into smaller
pieces to pass.
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Treatment

• Extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy
• Shock waves
• Small stones

• Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
• Endoscope
• Large stones

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Prognosis

• 60 pass out with in 48 hrs.
• 30 require treatment.
• Risk of re-occurrence can reduce by dietary
  advice.

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To help prevent kidney stones, drink enough water
to keep your urine clear.
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Dietary choices can affect kidney stone
development.
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Weight gain can increase the risk of kidney
stones.
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Research