1 The urban nobility

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1) The urban nobility

• As the traditional noble class moved into the
  cities and intermarried with the mercantile
  classes, a new breed was created the urban
  noble. This class controlled the Italian
  city-states.

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Popolo

• Popolo were the disenfranchised groups in the
  Italian city-states. They opposed the urban
  nobility for control. As they gained power,
  however, they quickly faltered in the face of two
  more powerful forces the signori and the
  oligarchies.

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2) The city-states of Northern Italy

• Venice had grown wealthy by transporting Crusader
  armies. Its navy was the most powerful in the
  Mediterranean.
• Likewise, Milan and Genoa were well situated to
  conduct trade with the Middle East, and to
  exchange wool from Northern Europe.

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Florence

• The wealth of Florence grew as the city became a
  center of banking. Later, the city became the
  center of Papal banking, and eventually the most
  powerful banking center in Europe. Huge sums of
  money were made from loaning and reaping
  interest.
• The city was also the epicenter of a thriving
  trade in wool.

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Renaissance Diplomacy

• Modern diplomacy begins in Northern Italy for two
  reasons
• The Italians used the concept of balance of power
  to keep any one city from getting too powerful.
  This constant changing of loyalties required
  skilled negotiators.
• The Italians realized that warfare was expensive.
  By maintaining permanent ambassadors, they could
  head off wars before they started.

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Francesco Petrarch

• It was Petrarch who first popularized the idea
  that the Renaissance was a sharp break from the
  Middle Ages.
• Also well known for his sonnets to Laura.

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3) Individualism

• Medieval Christians discouraged pride and vanity.
  Since all works were geared toward getting to
  heaven, posterity did not matter.

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Secularism

• The belief that certain institutions should exist
  apart from religion.
• People began to feel that life should be enjoyed,
  rather than suffered through on the way to heaven.

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4) Lorenzo Valla

• He proved that the Donation of Constantine was
  a forgery, denying the Church control of lands in
  Western Europe. Such a thing would have been
  impossible in the Middle Ages. This action
  represents the secular feeling of the time.

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Giovanni Boccaccio

• The Decameron detailed characters who were very
  worldly and unconcerned with religion. This work
  is considered the hallmark of the new secularism.

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5) Humanism

• Focusing on human potential and capabilities
• More importantly, Renaissance humanism was a
  literary movement focusing on grammar, rhetoric,
  history, poetry, and Latin.

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Renaissance Humanists

• Renaissance writers were skeptical of the sources
  of classical works. Medieval writers accepted
  them as fact.
• Renaissance writers looked to the classics for
  understanding about human beings.
• Medieval writers looked to classical literature
  in an attempt to understand Gods will.

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Fundamental Difference

• Renaissance writers stressed human potential at
  all opportunities. They realized, too, that their
  work was groundbreaking. They were more self
  aware.

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Latin

• Renaissance writers considered the Latin
  translations of the middle ages as corrupted.
  They sought to find as many original classical
  manuscripts as possible, or if necessary,
  translate them from Greek and Hebrew.

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Machiavellis The Prince

• The most widely read Renaissance book.
• In The Prince, Machiavelli stated that human
  beings are governed by human nature and not
  idealism. Therefore, a ruler (or prince) should
  not hesitate to do whatever is necessary to gain
  or maintain power. Further, a prince should not
  worry about following Christian principles if
  they must use force.

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6) Vergerio

• Vergerio claimed that education was important not
  just for the individual, but for the good of the
  state. This was a radical break with medieval
  ideas of what education should accomplish.
• He was definitely a humanist as both a writer
  and scholar, and a believer in human capabilities.

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7) The meaning of educated.

• Castiglione had written a book of etiquette
  called The Courtier which urged any man who
  wanted to be educated to obtain a broad
  background in many academic subjects, as well as
  art, music, and dance. In short, to be a
  Renaissance Man.
• Portrait of Castiglione by Raphael

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8) Movable type
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The Politics of Print

• Governments used print to win the psychological
  war. Now that it was cheap and easy to print,
  rulers could attempt to influence the thinking of
  their populations more than ever before.

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The Impact of Print

• The Bible was widely printed and literacy
  exploded since people desired to read it for
  themselves.
• Additionally, printed pamphlets on all subjects,
  from agriculture to pornography.

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9) The Northern Renaissance
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• In Northern Europe, people were less aware of any
  dramatic break with the Middle Ages.
• Renaissance ideas flowed to the North through
  trade, warfare, and the work of Italian
  craftsmen.
• In the North, old was blended with new, rather
  than discarded as in Italy.
• Most importantly, religion remained the central
  part of life in the North.
• Johannes Gutenberg

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10) The Beliefs of Northern Humanists

• Northern humanists believed the best elements of
  classical culture should be combined with
  Christianity.
• They stressed the use of reason, rather than
  dogma, as the source of faith.
• They believed education was the key to improving
  human piety.

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Thomas More
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Utopia

• This work is about an island somewhere off the
  coast of the New World. This society is broadly
  socialistic, with a perfect legal, social, and
  political system, governed by Christian
  principles.
• Mores work is a criticism of the greed and
  corruption of his own time. It was extremely
  radical for the time.
• The Earthly Paradise, H. Bosch

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Erasmus

• Believed, like the Italians, that the Middle Ages
  had been inferior to Classical times.
• Believed Christianity had been born of a
  classical environment and he hated the medieval
  ways of the Church-the rituals, the ceremonies,
  and the corruption.
• His Praise of Folly openly criticized the
  corruption of the Church.
• He tried to show how one might take part in the
  secular world while remaining a devout Christian.
• Achieved international acclaim, widely respected
  even among Church officials. He was a celebrity
  in his day.
• In his Treatise on Preparation For Death he made
  clear his position, that faith in the atonement
  of Christ, and not in the sacraments and rituals
  of the church, are the only guarantee of eternal
  life.

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Erasmus

• The two themes that permeate the works of Erasmus
  are that education is the key to reform, and to
  moral and intellectual improvement. Secondly, he
  believed that true Christianity is an inner
  attitude of the heart and spirit, not a series of
  formal rituals

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11) The invasions of Italy after 1494

• The endless plotting by the Italian city states
  against one another left them all weakened. The
  French, Germans, and Spanish all attempted to
  exert control over this rich (and Catholic) area.
  Italy would remain weak until the 19th century.

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12) 15th century France

• France had been occupied and laid waste by
  various dynastic wars, known to us as the 100
  Years War. It was a decentralized country, full
  of conflict between nobles.
• (R) Joan of Arc

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Charles VII (R. 1422-1461)

• This was the King that Joan of Arc had fought to
  see crowned.
• He finally expelled the English from France.
• He also reorganized royal finances and gave more
  power to the middle class

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France- House of Valois 1461-1483

• B) France- House of Valois 1461-1589
• Louis XI continued the steady geographic
  expansion from Paris
• French Kings became absolute and began to rule
  without their Parliament (Estates-General)
• They gained control over taxation, clergy, and
  army

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13) The War of the Roses

• The Wars of the Roses (14551487) were a series
  of civil wars fought over the throne of England
  between adherents of the House of Lancaster and
  the House of York. Both houses were branches of
  the Plantagenet royal house, tracing their
  descent from King Edward III.
• The name "Wars of the Roses" was not used during
  the time of the wars, but has its origins in the
  badges associated with the two royal houses, the
  Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York.

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Henry VII House of Tudor 1485-1603

• Henry VII of House of Lancaster won the War of
  the Roses
• He outlawed livery and maintenance.
• Used the Star Chamber to preserve order.
• United patriotism and Nationalism in England.

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14) Spain

• Spain had a different history, which was much
  more pluralistic that France and England. Moors,
  Jews, Latins, and Visigoths all vied for position
  in Iberia.
• The reconquista was a centuries long military
  effort to recapture all of Spain from the Moors.

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Spain

• By 1450, all Christian kingdoms in Spain had
  organized into two, Aragon and Castile. These two
  were united in the marriage of Ferdinand and
  Isabelle in 1469
• Spanish Christians were united in their Crusade
  against the Moors. In Spain, therefore,
  patriotism was really a feeling of being
  Catholic rather than being Spanish. All
  through the next 300 years, Spain was the most
  Catholic nation of all.
• Examples
• -The Inquisition
• -Expulsion of the Moors and Jews
• -Exported their crusade to America
• In Spain, the national and Catholic were fused

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Spanish Jewry

• As in much of Europe, Jews in Spain were barely
  tolerated and sometimes subject to outright
  genocide.
• Anti-Semitism had several roots the belief that
  Jews had killed Christ that Jews were money
  hungry and preyed on other people and that Jews
  were racially inferior.

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The Inquisition

• The Inquisition had traditionally been an
  instrument of religious purification. In this
  case, Ferdinand and Isabella were using it to
  politically unify Spain by eliminating Jews and
  Muslims.
• Spanish Jewry ultimately was reduced by 75. This
  proved to cripple the Spanish economy.

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15) The place of Africans in the Renaissance
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Africans in the Renaissance

• In the 15th century Africans began to be brought
  to Europe as slaves. They were valued as laborers
  and craftsmen, dancers and musicians.
• Europeans had ambiguous attitudes about blacks.
  They considered them both inferior, yet as
  representatives of humility.
• Slave ownership was considered a sign of wealth
  in the Renaissance.

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16) Women in the Renaissance

• The actual political power of upper class women
  declined in the Renaissance. Upper class women
  were usually educated, however, and several women
  published books.
• With respect to love and sex, the Renaissance
  witnessed a change in the relationship between
  men and women. Renaissance women were expected to
  remain loyal and virtuous their husbands had no
  such rules.

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Ordinary Renaissance women

• The Renaissance had little or no effect on common
  women, just as it had little effect on the common
  man. Scholars point to this period as the origin
  of a great divide between the culture of the
  educated elite and the common culture.

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17) Status of Renaissance artists

• Medieval artists or craftsmen had held a status
  similar to a mechanic.
• Renaissance artists were celebrities. They didnt
  do unsolicited art. Their intellectual powers
  commanded a high price. Not surprisingly, they
  often had large egos.

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The Gulf between artists and the common public
grew larger, and has persisted to this day.
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A Princely Court
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Savonarola

• A Florentine friar who criticized the worldliness
  of the clergy and the elite, and the moral
  corruption in Florence. He gained a large
  following. He was later executed.
• His story shows that the common people were not
  as influenced by the Renaissance.

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The High Renaissance

• Known for classical balance, harmony, and
  restraint. Possibly the most creative explosion
  in human history

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Corporate sponsors

• These were usually powerful business interests,
  like guilds or religious groups. They did this to
  enhance their own prestige in the areas that they
  traded.
• (Brunelleschis Dome)

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Private patrons

• Gradually, private individuals of great status
  like the Medici, Borgia, and Sforza families
  began to patronize artists, mainly to enhance
  their own glory. This also served as a way to
  pacify the citizenry.

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Giotto introduced a heightened sense of realism
into his paintings. He is often considered the
father of Renaissance art. (Kiss of Judas)
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Donatello

• Considered the greatest Renaissance sculptor. His
  sculptures were more life-like than any since
  antiquity.
• (Statue of Gattamelata)

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Masaccio

• One of the first painters to use a scientific
  system for the creation of depth illusion.
  Sometimes called the father of modern painting.
• (The Trinity)

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Renaissance nudes males were depicted as strong
and heroic, while females were depicted in a more
sensuous fashion.
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18) The New Monarchs

• Louis XI of France, the Spider King.
• Henry VII of England, founder of the Tudor
  dynasty
• Ferdinand and Isabella, whose marriage united
  Spain

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New Monarchs

• Governments had become weak during the 1300s
• New monarchs offered strong central government as
  a guarantee of law and order
• They got the support of the middle class and
  towns
• Kings used tax money to organize and better
  armies, based on foot soldiers using pikes and
  longbows
• They used old Roman law to break down local
  common law that gave the nobles their power.