Genomics, Genetics, Genome, Gene, Proteins, Proteome, Proteine Chemistry, Proteomics,

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Genomics, Genetics, Genome, Gene, Proteins,
Proteome,Proteine Chemistry, Proteomics,

• Attempt of an overview and systematics
• Uttendorf 2004

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Overwiev

1. Cells
2. Molecules of live
3. Genes and genome
4. Proteomics
5. On some concepts of signal processing in life
   science

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1. Cells

• procaryotic /eucariotic
• nucleus (chro-mosomes) /
• cytoplasma (i.e. mitochon- dria,
  ribosomes)
• Cell cycle

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2. Molecules of live

• Small molecules
• nucleotides (i.e. DNA bases A, C, G and T)
• 20 different amino acids as the building blocks
  for proteins,
• i.e.

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Proteins

• main building blocks and functional molecules of
  the cell
• 20 of cell weight (water 70)
• four levels of structure
• 3 10 nm

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DNA

• main information carrier molecule in a cell
• polynucleotide, i.e. consists of several
  nucleotides A, G, C and T
• simplest case single stranded directed chain of
  4 different small molecules called nucleotides,
  i.e.
• A ? G ? T ? C ? C ? A ? A ? G ? C ? G ? A ? A ?
  T ? G
• Complementary strand mutually exchange A with T
  and C with G
• and change direction for our example
• T ? C ? A ? G ? G ? T ? T ? C ? G ? C ? T ? T ?
  A ? C
• Complementary nucleotides bind weakly ? longer
  compl. strands tend to stick together
• A-G-T-C-C-A-A-G-C-G-A-A-T-G-C
• T-C-A-G-G-T-T-C-G-C-T-T-A-C-G

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• RNA
• similar to DNA, but single stranded
• functionally different types mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

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3. Genes and genomes

• Genome an organisms complete set of DNA

Organism No. of Chrom. Genome size in base pairs
Bacteria 1 400.000 - 10.000.000
Yeast 12 14.000.000
Worm 6 100.000.000
Fly 4 300.000.000
Weed 5 125.000.000
Human 23 3.000.000.000
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Genes and protein synthesis

• Gene continuous stretch of DNA, from which a
• particular type of proteins can be made

• Proteine syntesis
• 1. Transcription

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2. Splicing
pre-mRNA
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3. Translation Result Preprotein
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Protein synthesis (summary)
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Genetics vs. Genomics
Genetics Study of single genes and their
effects Genomics study not just of single genes,
but of the functions and interactions
Qualitative shift in medical applications conce
pt of one desease ? concept of information
(Genetics) (Genomics)
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4. Proteomics
One genome -
different proteomes!
Proteome Constellation of all proteines in a cell
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Just one special tool 2D-Gelelektrophorese I.e.
analysis of proteine pattern for brain
tissue More proteine GFAP is produced in
case of Alzheimer
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Proteine Chemistry vs. Proteomics
Proteine Chemistry Proteomics
Individual proteins Complete sequence analysis Emphasis on structure and function Structural biology Complex mixtures Partial sequence analysis Emphasis on identification by database matching Systems biology
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5. On some concepts of signal processing in life
science
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Summary
Genome Genomics
DNA
mRNA
Proteome Proteomics
Proteins
Cell functions