Figure 33.1 Review of animal phylogeny

1
Figure 33.1 Review of animal phylogeny
2
Figure 32.12 Comparing the molecular based and
grade-based trees of animal phylogeny
3
Figure 33.36 Three hypotheses for the origin of
segmentation
4
Figure 33.25a Free-living nematode
This, nematode, like arthropods is in the
Ecdysozoa, that is, it must shed its old skin
so that it may grow to the next size.
5
Table 33.5 Some Major Arthropod Classes
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Figure 33.31a Class Dipolopoda (millipedes)
7
Figure 33.26 External anatomy of an arthropod
A marvel of metameric segmentation!
(lots of moving parts)
8
Figure 33.30b Spider anatomy
Note the venom and fangs for subduing and aiding
the fluid-feeding digestion of prey!
9
Figure 33.29 Arachnids Scorpion (left),
honeybee air tube filled with parasitic mites
(right)
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Figure 33.33 Anatomy of a grasshopper, an insect
Wings and small size!
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Figure 33.x1 Insecta beetle
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Figure 33.34 Metamorphosis of a butterfly
The immature, pre-reproductive life stage can be
radically different from the adult,
reproductive life stage. In this case one is
herbivorous and walks, the other consumes nectar,
flies, and can disperse the young.
13
Table 33.6 Some Major orders of Insects
(Anoplura-Dermaptera)
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Table 33.6 Some Major orders of Insects
(Diptera-Hymenoptera)
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Table 33.6 Some Major orders of Insects
(Isoptera-Odonata)
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Table 33.6 Some Major orders of Insects
(Orthoptera-Trichoptera)
17
Figure 33.35 Crustaceans Lobster (top left),
banded coral shrimp (bottom left), barnacles
(right)
18
Table 33.7 Animal phyla
19
Figure 32.12 Comparing the molecular based and
grade-based trees of animal phylogeny
20
Figure 33.37 Echinoderms Sea star (top left),
brittle star (top right), sea urchin (bottom
left), sea lily (bottom right) they have water
vascular systems and tube feet that aid in
locomotion and prey capture.
Larvae are bilateral, but adults look more radial.
21
Figure 33.38 Anatomy of a sea star
22
Figure 34.2 Chordate characteristics
The mobile larval form becomes the adult
!
!
23
Figure 34.1 Clades of extant chordates
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Figure 34.6 The neural crest, embryonic source
of many unique vertebrate characters
In vertebrates also, it is the early life stages
that systematically characterizes them.
25
Figure 34.7 Phylogeny of the major groups of
extant vertebrates
Good for maneuvering
Top predators!
Segmentation benefit locomotion
26
Figure 34.10 Hypothesis for the evolution of
vertebrate jaws
27
Figure 34.11 Cartilaginous fishes (class
Chondrichthyes) Great white shark (top left),
silky shark (top right), southern stingray
(bottom left), blue spotted stingray (bottom
right)
28
Figure 34.12a Ray-finned fishes (class
Actinopterygii) yellow perch
These diverse fish have a swim bladder it
permits neutral bouyancy
29
Figure 34.15 The origin of tetrapods
30
Figure 34.16 Skeleton of Acanthostega, a
Devonian tetrapod fish
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Figure 34.17x1 Frogs
32
Adaptations to Terrestriality,Consider Some of
the Challenges

• REDUCE DRYING OF EGGS, ADULTS, AND BE ABLE TO
  BALANCE INTERNAL LEVELS OF WATER AND SALTS
• REDUCING WATER LOSS DURING GAS EXCHANGE
• COPING WITH INTENSE SUNLIGHT
• COPING WITH TEMPERATURE EXTREMES
• BODY STRUCTURES MUST WITHSTAND EFFECTS OF GRAVITY
  WITHOUT BOUYANT EFFECTS OF WATER
• LOCOMOTION IN NON-AQUATIC HABITAT
• INTERNAL FERTILIZATION TO PREVENT DRYING OF
  GAMETES

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Figure 34.19 Amniotic egg
34
Figure 34.24 Extant reptiles Desert tortoise
(top left), lizard (top right), king snake
(bottom left), alligators (bottom right)
35
Figure 34.26 A bald eagle in flight
36
Figure 34.33 Hypothetical cladogram of mammals