Carbohydrate in the Diet

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Carbohydrate in the Diet

• Basis of our diet
• Can be less refined or more refined
• Refining
• micronutrients and fiber
• Nutrient Density ? empty kcalories

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• What is empty kcalories?
• Dietary sources ?

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Carbohydrate Choices

• Recommendations choose less refined

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Chapter 4
Chapter 4Carbohydrates Sugars, Starches, and
Fiber
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The Whole Grain Story

• whole grain includes

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The Whole Grain Story

• Whats inside
• Bran?
• fiber
• Endosperm?
• starch
• Germ?
• vitamins proteins

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Simple and Complex Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H),
  and oxygen (O).
• Simple carbohydrates sugars
• Complex carbohydrates starches, fiber, and
  glycogen

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Simple Carbohydrate

• Monosaccharide

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Simple Carbohydrate

• Disaccharide

• Maltose glucose-glucose
• Sucrose glucose-fructose
• Lactose glucose-galactose

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Complex Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharides more than 10

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Making and Breaking Sugar Chains

• Condensation reaction combine
• Hydrolysis reaction using water to split

GlucGluc ? Maltose Maltose ? Gluc, Gluc
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Glycogen and Starch

• Glycogen - Animal Starch
• Muscles and in the liver
• Sources of energy and blood glucose supply
• Starch Amylose and amylopectin

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Fiber

• Cannot be digested
• Do not provide kcalories
• Beneficial health effects
• Two types of fiber
• Soluble fiber
• Insoluble fiber

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Carbohydrates in the Digestive Tract

• Goal To digest disaccharides and complex
  carbohydrates to monosaccharides to be absorbed.
• Digestible vs. Indigestible carbohydrates

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Lactose Intolerance

• Not enough lactase
• Symptoms intestinal gas, bloating, diarrhea
• More common in some populations.
• Calcium needs?

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TTh
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Indigestible Carbohydrates

• Health implications
• Stimulate GI motility
• Healthy microflora
• Slow nutrient absorption
• Cancer????

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Soluble FiberHealthy Heart

• 1. Dissolves in water or absorbs water
• 2. Broken down by intestinal bacteria
• 3. Food sources
• Oats, apples
• Beans, seaweeds
• 4. Health benefits
• lower blood cholesterol

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Insoluble FiberHappy GI Tract

• Does not dissolve in water
• Cannot be broken down by intestinal bacteria
• Food sources
• Wheat, rye bran
• Vegetables
• Health benefits
• soften stools
• decrease transit time

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Synthesis of Glucose and Starch
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Digestion of carbohydrates

• Mouth
• Salivary amylase breaks down starch
• Stomach
• HCl inhibits amylase. Physical digestion.
• Small Intestine
• Pancreatic amylase starch ? maltose
• Sucrase, lactase, maltase di ? monosaccharides
• Absorbed
• Large intestine
• Non-digestible carbohydrates (fiber, lactose)
• Partially digested by bacteria

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Glycemic Response

• Rate, magnitude, duration of rise in blood
  glucose.
• Glycemic index (gt70, lt50)
• Glycemic load (gt20, lt11)

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Insulin and Glucagon

• Regulate blood glucose
• Pancreatic hormones
• After a meal?
• c. Hours after a meal?

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Diabetes Abnormal Blood Glucose Regulation

• Type 1
• Autoimmune destruction of insulin cells
• 5 to 10 of diagnosed cases
• Type 2
• Insulin resistance/deficiency
• 95 of all cases in the U.S.
• Gestational
• Hormonal changes during pregnancy
• Increases risk of complications

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Abnormal Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetes Mellitus
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Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms

• Immediate Symptoms
• Excessive thirst, frequent urination, blurred
  vision
• Long-term complications
• Damage blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, and nerves

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Warning.gory image
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gangrene
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Diabetes Treatment

• Diet
• Control blood glucose levels
• Exchanging lists
• Exercise
• Increase sensitivities of cells to insulin
• Medication
• Insulin injection

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Hypoglycemia Low Blood Glucose

• Over-medication
• Imbalance insulin level vs. carbs intake
• Abnormal regulation

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Carbohydrates and Health

• Associated with dental caries.
• Do not contribute to hyperactivity in children
• Carbohydrates are not fattening

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Carbohydrate Recommendations

• The RDA
• Glucose for the brain
• The Range of Healthy Intakes
• 45 to 65
• An AI for Fiber
• 25-38g/day for young adult women, men

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Types of Alternative Sweeteners

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Types of Alternative Sweeteners

• Saccharin
• 200700x sweeter than sugar
• Aspartame
• 180x sweeter
• Aspartic acid and phenylalanine
• Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Sucralose (Splenda)
• Derived from sugar
• Sugar alcohols (Chemical derivatives of sugar)
• Low-calorie 0.23 kcal/gram sugar free

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