MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

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MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
2
FUNCTIONS

• SUPPORT
• MOVEMENT
• PROTECTION
• PRODUCTION
• RESERVOIR

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COMPONENTS

• BONES
• - With cartilage are specialized forms of
  connective tissue
• - Osteoblast and osteoclast cells
• JOINTS
• - Articulations- two or more bones come
  together
• - Functional unit that permits movement
• - Synovial vs. Nonsynovial
• - Cartilage covers the surface of opposing bones
• - Ligaments provide support and connect both
  ends of opposing bones

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MUSCLES

• TYPES
• SKELETAL- Voluntary
• SMOOTH
• CARDIAC
• TENDONS- fibrous cord that attaches bone to
  muscle
• MOVEMENTS- p. 603

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JOINTS

• Temporomandibular- chewing and speaking
• Spine- vertebrae, 33 connecting bones
• Landmarks
• - C7 and T1 prominent at base of neck
• - Inferior angle of scapula at level of T7,T8 -
  Imaginary line connects highest points of each
  iliac crest at L4
• - Imaginary line joins the 2 dimples over the
  post. superior iliac spines at sacrum

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Spine cont.

• Four curves
• - Cervical and lumbar are concave (in)
• - Thoracic and sacrococcygeal are convex (out)
• Intervertebral discs- fibrocartilaginous plate
• - Nucleus pulposus- soft, semifluid center
  cushions the spine, helps spine move
• - Motions of the spine- flexion, extension,
  abduction, and rotation

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Joints cont

• Shoulder- ball and socket action, allows mobility
  of the arm
• - Enclosed by Rotator cuff- composed of four
  muscles
• - Scapula and clavicle connect to form the
  shoulder girdle
• - Acromion process- bump at top of shoulder

8
Joints cont

• Elbow- contains the 3 bony articulations of
  humerus, radius, and ulna
• - Landmarks medial and lateral epicondyles
• - Radius and ulna articulate to permit
  supination and pronation
• Wrist and Carpals
• Radiocarpal joint allows for flexion, extension
  and side to side movement
• Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints-
  permit finger flexion and extension

9
Joints cont

• Hip- articulation of acetabulum and head of
  femur
• - Ball and socket action
• - More stability than shoulder with a little
  less ROM
• - Landmarks anterior superior iliac spine,
• ischial tuberosity, greater trochanter
• Knee- articulation of the tibia, femur and
  patella (knee cap)

10
Joints cont

• Knee- largest joint in the body, hinge joint
• Permits flexion and extension
• Medial and lateral menisci- cushion tibia, femur
• Ligaments cruciate and collateral
• Landmarks Quadriceps muscle and Tibial
  tuberosity- bony prominence at base of patella
• Ankle and Foot (tibiotalar joint)
• - Hinge joint, permits flexion and extension
• - Landmarks medial and lateral malleolus
• - Metatarsals and heel (calcaneous) touch ground
  when walking

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AGING ADULT

• Resorption gt bone growth ? loss of bone density
  (osteoporosis)
• Postural changes ? loss of height d/t vertebral
  column shortening, thinning of intervertebral
  disc
• Kyphosis- outward (convex) curvature of the
  lumbar spine
• Loss of subq. fat leads to exposed bony
  prominences
• Muscle mass loss ? atrophy, producing weakness

12
Cultural Considerations

• Blacks have significantly longer long bones
• Black males have the densest bones, Chinese,
  Japanese, and Inuits have poorer density than
  whites
• Other variations- pg. 611