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LED Lighting International Facility
Management Association

• Mike Bachman LC, CEM
• Power Smart Engineering

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How Do LEDs Work?

• An LED is a semiconductor device (diode) that
  emits light when an electric current passes
  through it. The diode produces a monochromatic
  (one colour) light on a single wavelength ranging
  from red (700 nanometres) to blue-violet (400
  nanometres). Because LEDs produce a pure colour
  of light, tinted lenses are not needed to filter
  the light to the desired colour. As a result, all
  of the visible light is projected from the LED.
• LEDs consume very little power they are up to
  90 percent efficient, which means that only a
  small proportion of the input energy is consumed
  to produce heat. In comparison, traditional light
  sources (e.g., incandescent bulbs) are 5 to 10
  percent efficient, with 90 percent or more of the
  input energy wasted in the form of heat.
• Another type of LED currently under development
  is made up of semiconducting organic polymers.
  These organic LEDs (OLEDs) are only about 10
  percent efficient but are expected to be less
  expensive to manufacture than regular LEDs.

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Solid State Lighting Basics (LED)

• Solid State Lighting (SSL) Lighting that uses
  semiconductors to convert electricity into light.
  Other lighting technologies use filaments, gas,
  or plasma.
• Thermal Management A heat sink is a means of
  dissipating heat. Appropriate thermal management
  is critical in LED systems to reach the expected
  product lifespan.
• Life (hours) For LED products, lamp life is
  considered to be the point at which the light
  output has depreciated to 70 of the initial
  output.

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Light Emitting Diodes

• Solid State Light Source
• Extremely Flexible
• Potentially Long Lamp Life
• Dynamic Colour Opportunities
• Poor White Colour Rendering

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More about LEDs

• LEDs are generally single points sources that
  stand-alone or are mounted in arrays
• LEDs are directional and aim their light in a
  fairly straight way. Lenses can change this
  characteristic
• LEDs get very hot and need effective ways to
  dissipate the heat or they will fail prematurely
• LEDs are getting more and more Efficacious with
  time

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LED Luminaire Efficiency
CW LED 4100K-6500K (CRI 70-80) WW LED
2800K-3500K (CRI gt85)
http//www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/publications.html
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OLEDs

• OLEDs are flat sheets that are made up of
  multiple layers of thin films that when
  sandwiched together, emit light.
• At present OLED development is limited, but they
  hold promise as potential replacements for light
  fixtures

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OLED Sources
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OLED Sources White Light

• Osram Opto-Semiconductors
• 25 lumens per watt (the highest known efficiency
  achieved to date for white OLEDs)
• produced by applying a standard external
  inorganic phosphor to a blue-emitting
  phosphorescent polymer device with a peak
  luminous efficacy of 14 lm/W

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OLED Sources Colour Changing Light

• Osram Opto-Semiconductors
• the first polymer-OLED light source based on
  three printable polymer inks emitting in the RGB
  portion of the spectrum
• the colours from dark blue to white, or any
  color preference, offering freedom of design and
  innovative illumination solutions, can be
  regulated

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OLED Luminaire Efficiency
OLED 2700K-4100K (CRI 80) L1,000 cd/m2
http//www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/publications.html
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Dimming LEDs

• In a sense all LEDs are dimmable, the chip (LED)
  is not what dictates if it can be dimmed.
• The driver (like a fluorescent ballast) is what
  has to have the internal components to allow this
  to work.

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LED Lamps
7W LED 25W equivalent (120V) 40,000 hrs 230
Lumens Warm or cool white
9W LED 40W equivalent (120V) 25,000 hrs 3000K
80 CRI
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Lamps Conventional

• First DOE sponsored technology competition.
• Intent to have manufacturers develop high-quality
  / high efficiency solid state lighting products
  to replace the common light bulb.
• 10M for 60W inc replacement / 5M for PAR38 inc
  replacement.
• Winning products must be similar to the products
  targeted for replacement, in terms of size,
  shape, operating environment, and light quantity,
  distribution, and quality.
• 60W must deliver minimum 900 lumens / 27K-30K /
  25,000 hours. More than 90 lm/W.
• PAR38 must deliver minimum 1350 lumens / 27K-30K
  / 25,000 hours.
• Philips submitted first entry for 60W replacement
  (10W). Only 1400 sample lamps nationally LDL
  has 4! (current testing for lumen depreciation).

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Energy Star LED
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Lamp Comparison Charts
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LED Regulations
Courtesy of DOE

• Testing Standards
• Performance Standards

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LED Testing Standards
Performance Criteria Corresponding Technical Standards
Efficacy, Light Output, Input Power IESNA LM-79-08 ANSI C82.2-2002
Power Factor ANSI C82.77-2002
Lumen Maintenance (L70) IESNA LM-80-08
Color Rendering Index ANSI C78.377-2008 CIE 13.3-1995 IESNA LM-79-08 IESNA LM-58-94
Chromaticity and Correlated Color Temperature CIE 15 2004 IESNA LM-79-08 IESNA LM-58-94 IESNA LM-16
Color Spatial Uniformity and Color Maintenance CIE 15 2004 IESNA LM-79-08 IESNA LM-58-94 IESNA LM-16
Maximum Measured Power Supply Case or Manufacturer Designated Temperature Measurement Point (TMPPS) Temperature Safety ANSI/UL 153 UL 1598
Noise Class A rating Power supply 24 dB
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LED Testing Standards (proposed)
Standards Title/Content
CIE TC1-69 Color Quality Scale
IES G-2 LED Application Guidelines
IES TM-21 Method for Estimation of LED Lumen Depreciation as a Measure of Potential LED Life
LM-XX1 Approved Method for the Measurements of High Power LEDs
LM-XX2 LED "Light Engines and Integrated Lamp" Measurements
NEMA SSL-1 Electric Drivers for LED Devices, Arrays, or Systems
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LED Performance Standards Programs

• Energy Star
• Since 2008, the ENERGY STAR Solid-State Lighting
  Program has taken the initiative to run thorough
  tests on commercially available SSL products
  according to the industry standards.
• Products that pass the examination will be
  rewarded with an ENERGY STAR-approved label.
  These labels serve as a symbol of confidence to
  consumers.
• DesignLights Consortium
• Much like ENERGY STAR, DesignLights Consortium
  (DLC) conducts regular tests on SSL products.
  Upon adequate test results, each individual
  product will thus be placed on their Qualified
  Products List (QPL).
• DLC works closely with ENERGY STAR, and their
  primary role is to cover products which fall in a
  category where the corresponding standards have
  yet to be completed by ENERGY STAR (i.e.
  streetlights).

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LED Performance Standards Programs

• Lighting Facts
• This DOE sponsored program issues special
  Lighting Facts CM labels for SSL products all
  across North America. On these labels are
  convenient performance data for each
  corresponding SSL product, thus provide consumers
  with a quick glance of how well each product
  compares to LM-79 criteria.

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Too Good To Be True?
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SSL Recessed Downlights
Courtesy of DOE
SSL RECESSED DOWNLIGHTS SSL RECESSED DOWNLIGHTS
Lumen (Light) Output Similar/Better than CFL
Efficacy (Output light per input watt) Similar/Better than CFL
Power Consumption Similar/Lower than CFL
Adoption Risk LOW
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SSL Recessed Troffers
Courtesy of DOE
SSL RECESSED TROFFERS SSL RECESSED TROFFERS
Lumen (Light) Output Similar to Fluorescent
Efficacy (Output light per input watt) Similar to Fluorescent
Power Consumption Similar to Fluorescent
Adoption Risk LOW - MEDIUM
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4ft Linear Replacement LED Lamps
Courtesy of DOE
4ft Linear Replacement LED Lamps 4ft Linear Replacement LED Lamps
Lumen (Light) Output Lower than Fluorescent
Efficacy (Output light per input watt) Lower than Fluorescent
Power Consumption Similar to Fluorescent
Adoption Risk HIGH
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SSL Directional Replacement Lamps
Courtesy of DOE
SSL DIRECTIONAL LAMPS SSL DIRECTIONAL LAMPS
Lumen (Light) Output Lower than Halogen/CFL, Similar to Inc
Efficacy (Output light per input watt) Lower than Halogen/CFL, Similar to Inc
Power Consumption Lower than Halogen/CFL, Similar to Inc
Beam Intensity Lower than Halogen
Adoption Risk MEDIUM - HIGH
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SSL for Streetlights Outdoor Areas
Courtesy of DOE
SSL STREETLIGHTS OUTDOOR AREAS SSL STREETLIGHTS OUTDOOR AREAS
Lumen (Light) Output Similar to FL, generally less than
Efficacy (Output light per input watt) Similar to FL HPS
Power Consumption Similar to FL, lower than HPS
Adoption Risk LOW
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SSL Cost Evolution

• SSL price could be reduced
• 10 times by 2017 (LED)/ 2020 (OLED)
• 20 times by 2025

Courtesy of DOE
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In a pilot demonstration study at Schuyler
Ridge Residential Health Care, LRC researchers
installed automated LEDs to determine whether
energy-efficient lighting solutions- could
improve the comfort and care of seniors- assist
the nursing staff in their nightly rounds- help
residents navigate facility hallways
Lighting for Long-term Care Facility
Courtesy LRC
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White Light High Flux LED Sources

• Architectural lighting dimming and
  adjustment of colour temperature

Courtesy Go Energy Efficiency
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LED Street Lighting
City of Oakland, CA
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LED Security/Perimeter Lighting

• Better uniformity
• Improved visibility
• White colour
• Face identification

HPS
LED
Courtesy LRC
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LED Parkade Lighting
Courtesy LRC
May use occupancy/motion sensors for additional
energy savings
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Power Smart Programs

• PSPX prescriptive approach one for one
  retro-fit, simple projects represented by a Key
  Account Manager
• PIP for small and medium customers that are not
  represented by a Key Account Manager
• On-line application products must be listed on
  e-catalog
• Power Smart Partners Custom must be a
  comprehensive project should include redesign and
  controls
• New Construction Programs Whole building,
  Lighting only

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• Thank You
• Questions
• mike.bachman_at_bchydro.com