Hamilton

1

• Hamiltons Economic Plan is always contrasted
  with Jeffersons. Hamilton wanted the federal
  government to have more power in making economic
  decisions. Hamilton wanted to pay the states
  debts after the Revolutionary war and have a
  National Bank

2

• Hamilton and Jeffersons interpretation of the
  Constitution Hamilton wanted a loose
  interpretation of the Constitution while
  Jefferson wanted a strict interpretation of the
  Constitution that protected individual rights.

3

• Whiskey Rebellion- Tax on whiskey caused farmers
  to rebel. President Washington sent in Federal
  troops to put down the rebellion and show the
  power of the new Federal government to enforce
  its laws

4

• Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson vs. John
  Adams, Jefferson won leading to the Judiciary Act
  of 1801 and Adams attempt to pack the courts
  with the Midnight Judges and insure Federalist
  power. The Marbury vs. Madison court case that
  gave the Supreme Court the power of Judicial
  Review comes from this period.

5

• Alien and Sedition Acts - were a series of laws
  passed by the Federalists in 1798 during the
  administration of President John Adams. They were
  designed to protect the United States from alien
  citizens of enemy powers and to stop seditious
  attacks from weakening the government. The
  Democratic-Republicans, and later historians,
  have seen them as stifling criticism of the
  administration. They became a major political
  issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800.

6

• Cotton Gin Invented by Eli Whitney in 1789,
  made the production of cotton more efficient
  leading to the need for more slaves to cultivate
  and harvest the cotton

7

• Treaty of Greenville, 1796 - was signed at Fort
  Greenville on August 3, 1795, between a coalition
  of Native Americans and the United States
  following the Native American loss at the Battle
  of Fallen Timbers. It put an end to the Northwest
  Indian War. The United States was represented by
  General Anthony Wayne, who defeated the Native
  Americans and razed their villages a year earlier
  at Fallen Timbers

8

• The Indian Removal Act of 1930 - was a law passed
  by the Twenty-first United States Congress in
  order to facilitate the relocation of Native
  American tribes living east of the Mississippi
  River in the United States to lands further west.
  The Removal Act, part of a U.S. government policy
  known as Indian Removal, was signed into law by
  President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830.

9

• Worchester vs. Georgia, 1832- was a case in which
  the United States Supreme Court held that
  Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to
  federal protection from the actions of state
  governments.

10

• Trail of Tears- refers to the forced relocation
  in 1838 of the Cherokee Native American tribe to
  the Western United States, which resulted in the
  deaths of an estimated 4,000 Cherokees

11

• Transcendentalism - was a group of new ideas in
  literature, religion, culture, and philosophy
  that emerged in the New England region of the
  United States of America in the early-to mid-19th
  century. It is sometimes called American
  Transcendentalism to distinguish it from other
  uses of the word transcendental.
  Transcendentalism began as a protest against the
  general state of culture and society at the time,
  and in particular, the state of intellectualism
  at Harvard and the doctrine of the Unitarian
  church which was taught at Harvard Divinity
  School. Among their core beliefs was an ideal
  spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical
  and empirical and is only realized through the
  individual's intuition, rather than through the
  doctrines of established religions.

12

• 54-40 or Fight- The Oregon boundary arose as a
  result of competing British and American claims
  to the Oregon Country, a region of northwestern
  North America known also from the British
  perspective as the Columbia District, a
  fur-trading division of the Hudson's Bay Company.
  The region at question lay west of the
  Continental Divide and between the 42nd Parallel
  of latitude on the south (the northward limit of
  New Spain) and the 54 degrees, 40 minutes line of
  latitude

13

• Hudson River School of Artists - was a mid-19th
  century American art movement by a group of
  landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was
  influenced by romanticism.

14

• South Carolina Nullification Crisis - declared
  the tariff of 1828 and 1832 null and void within
  the state borders of South Carolina. It began the
  Nullification Crisis. Passed by a state
  convention on November 24, 1832, it led, on
  December 10, to President Andrew Jackson's
  proclamation against South Carolina, which sent a
  naval flotilla and a threat of sending government
  ground troops to enforce the tariffs.

15

• Compromise Tariff of 1833 - was proposed by Henry
  Clay and John C. Calhoun as a resolution to the
  Nullification Crisis. It was adopted to gradually
  reduce the rates after southerners objected to
  the protectionism found in the Tariff of 1832 and
  the 1828 Tariff of Abominations, which had given
  cause to South Carolina to threaten secession
  from the Union.

16

• John C. Calhoun - was a prominent United States
  Southern politician and political philosopher
  from South Carolina during the first half of the
  19th century. Calhoun began his career as a
  staunch nationalist, favoring war with Britain in
  1812 and a vast program of internal improvements
  afterwards. He reversed course in the 1820s to
  attack nationalism in favor of States Rights of
  the sort Thomas Jefferson had propounded in 1798.

17

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - was the peace
  treaty that ended the Mexican-American War
  (18461848). The treaty provided for the Mexican
  Cession, in which Mexico ceded 525,000 square
  miles to the United States in exchange for 15
  million. The United States also agreed to take
  over 3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to
  American citizens

18

• Nat Turners Rebellion - was a slave rebellion
  that happened in Virginia in August 1831. Over 50
  people were reported killed. It lasted only a few
  days before being put down, but leader Nat Turner
  remained in hiding for several months afterwards.

19

• Dorothea Dix - was an American activist on behalf
  of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous
  program of lobbying states legislatures and the
  United States Congress, created the first
  generation of American mental asylums.

20

• Kansas-Nebraska Act - of 1854 created the
  territories of Kansas and Nebraska and opened new
  lands for settlement. The act was designed by
  Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of
  Illinois it repealed the Missouri Compromise.
  The act established that settlers could decide
  for themselves whether to allow slavery ( popular
  sovereignty ).

21

• Bleeding Kansas - sometimes referred to in
  history as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a
  sequence of violent events involving Free-Staters
  (anti-slavery) and pro-slavery ("Border
  Ruffians") elements that took place in
  KansasNebraska Territory and the western
  frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri
  between roughly 1854 and 1858 attempting to
  influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as
  a free or slave state. The term "Bleeding Kansas"
  was coined by Horace Greeley of the New York
  Tribune.

22

• Popular Sovereignty - is the doctrine that the
  state is created by and subject to the will of
  the people, who are the source of all political
  power. In the 1850s it refered to a states
  right to determine the issue of slavery within
  its borders by a vote of the people.

23

• Dred Scott vs. Sanford, 1857 - known as the "Dred
  Scott Case" or the "Dred Scott Decision", was a
  lawsuit decided by the United States Supreme
  Court in 1857 that ruled that people of African
  descent, whether or not they were slaves, could
  never be citizens of the United States, and that
  Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in
  federal territories. The decision for the court
  was written by Chief Justice Roger Taney.

24

• Harriet Beecher Stowe - was an abolitionist and
  writer of more than 13 books, the most famous
  being Uncle Tom's Cabin which describes life in
  slavery, and which was first published in serial
  form from 1851 to 1852 in an abolitionist organ,
  the National Era, edited by Gamaliel Bailey.
  Although Stowe herself had never been to the
  American South, she subsequently published A Key
  to Uncle Tom's Cabin, a non-fiction work
  documenting the veracity of her depiction of the
  lives of slaves in the original novel.

25

• Uncle Toms Cabin - is a novel by American author
  Harriet Beecher Stowe which treats slavery as a
  central theme. The novel is believed to have had
  a profound effect on the North's view of slavery.

26

• Civil War Aim of Abraham Lincoln The aim of
  President Lincoln was to preserve the Union

27

• Vicksburg- Battle for control of the Mississippi,
  Union victory became a turning point of the war
  in 1863 as the Union split the Confederacy in
  half and controlled the supply lines along the
  Mississippi

28

• Emancipation Proclamation Declared that slaves
  in rebelling states were free. Made slavery the
  issue of the war and kept Great Britain from
  joining the Confederate war effort.

29

• 13th Amendment freed the slaves

30

• 14th Amendment citizenship and the rights of
  citizenship cannot be denied based upon race

31

• 15th Amendment the right to vote cannot be
  denied based on race

32

• Election of 1876 - Hayes became president after
  the tumultuous, scandal-ridden years of the Grant
  administration. He had a reputation for honesty
  dating back to his Civil War years. Hayes was
  quite famous for his ability to not offend
  anyone. Henry Adams, a prominent politician at
  the time, asserted that Hayes was "a third rate
  nonentity, whose only recommendation is that he
  is obnoxious to no one." Nevertheless, his
  opponent in the presidential election, Democrat
  Samuel J. Tilden, was the favorite to win the
  presidential election and, in fact, won the
  popular vote by about 250,000 votes

33

• Compromise of 1877 compromise naming Hayes
  President of the United States while ending the
  military occupation of the south, ended military
  reconstruction

34

• Homestead Act - was a United States federal law
  that gave one quarter of a section of a township
  (160 acres, or about 65 hectares) of undeveloped
  land in the American West to any family head or
  person who was at least 21 years of age, provided
  he lived on it for five years and built a house
  of a minimum of 12 by 14 feet (3.6 x 4.3 m), or
  allowed the family head to buy it for 1.25 per
  acre (0.51/ha) after six months.

35

• Westward Movement
• Roles of Irish - The majority of the Union
  Pacific track was built by Irish laborers,
  veterans of both the Union and Confederate
  armies, and Mormons who wished to see the
  railroad pass through Ogden and Salt Lake City,
  Utah.
• Roles of Chinese - Mostly Chinese (coolies) built
  the Central Pacific track. Even though at first
  they were thought to be too weak or fragile to do
  this type of work, after the first day in which
  Chinese were on the line, the decision was made
  to hire as many as could be found in California
  (where most were gold miners or in service
  industries such as laundries and kitchens), plus
  many more were imported from China. Most of the
  men received between one and three dollars per
  day, but the workers from China received much
  less.

36

• Dawes Severalty Act - authorized the President of
  the United States to survey Native American
  tribal land and divide the area into allotments
  for the individual Native American. It was
  enacted February 8, 1887

37

• Impact of Transcontinental Railroad - it created
  a nationwide mechanized transportation network
  that revolutionized the population and economy of
  the American West, catalyzing the transition from
  the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern
  transportation system.

38

• Omaha Platform
• secret ballot system
• graduated income tax
• restriction of undesirable emigration.
• eight-hour law on Government work
• initiative and referendum.
• election of Senators of the United States by a
  direct vote

39

• Populism - was a short-lived political party in
  the United States in the late 19th century. It
  flourished particularly among western farmers,
  based largely on its opposition to the gold
  standard.

40

• Interstate Commerce Act - The ICC's original
  purpose was to regulate railroads to ensure fair
  rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to
  regulate other aspects of common carriers.

41

• Cross of Gold Speech - was a speech delivered
  by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic
  National Convention in Chicago. The speech
  advocated bimetallism. At the time, the
  Democratic Party wanted to standardize the value
  of the dollar to silver and opposed pegging the
  value of the United States dollar to a gold
  standard. The inflation that would result from
  the silver standard would make it easier for
  farmers and other debtors to pay off their debts
  by increasing their revenue dollars. It would
  also reverse the deflation which the U.S.
  experienced from 1873-1896.

42

• Refrigerator Car made it possible to transport
  meat without spoiling to large areas of the
  country, changed the diet of the US to include
  more fresh beef and pork

43

• Settlement houses - The movement gave rise to
  many social policy initiatives and innovative
  ways of working to improve the conditions of the
  most excluded members of society. The two largest
  and most influential settlement houses were
  Chicago's Hull House (founded by Jane Addams and
  Ellen Gates Starr in 1889) and the Henry Street
  Settlement in New York (founded by Lillian Wald
  in 1893).

44

• Urbanization - is the increase over time in the
  population of cities in relation to the region's
  rural population.

45

• Robber Barons nickname given to industrialists
  on the late 19th and early 20th centuries

46

• Andrew Carnegie - was a Scottish-American
  businessman, a major and widely respected
  philanthropist, and the founder of the Carnegie
  Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel. He
  is known for having built one of the most
  powerful and influential corporations in United
  States history, and, later in his life, giving
  away most of his riches to fund the establishment
  of many libraries, schools, and universities

47

• John D. Rockefeller - was an American
  industrialist and philanthropist who played a
  pivotal role in the establishment of the oil
  industry, and defined the structure of modern
  philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller helped found
  the Standard Oil company. Over a forty-year
  period, Rockefeller built Standard Oil into the
  largest and most profitable company in the world,
  and became the world's richest man.

48

• J.P. Morgan - was an American financier and
  banker, who dominated corporate finance and
  industrial consolidation.

49

• Vanderbilt Family - Cornelius Vanderbilt I was an
  American entrepreneur who built his wealth in
  shipping and railroads and was the patriarch of
  the Vanderbilt family.

50

• Laissez-Faire/ Government influence of Business
  in 1890s The Robber Barons wanted the
  Government to stay out of the market economy of
  the United States during the 1890s into the
  early 1900s

51

• Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest in
  economics, politics, and imperialism

52

• Haymarket Riot - On May 1, 1886, labor unions
  organized a strike for an eight-hour work day in
  Chicago. Albert Parsons, head of the Chicago
  Knights of Labor, with his wife Lucy Parsons and
  seven children, led 80,000 people down Michigan
  Avenue in what is regarded as the first May Day
  Parade. In the next few days they were joined
  nationwide by 350,000 workers, including 70,000
  in Chicago, who went on strike at 1,200
  factories. On May 4th the police ordered the
  rally to disperse and began marching in formation
  towards the speakers' wagon. A bomb was thrown at
  the police line and exploded, killing one
  policeman (see Mathias J. Degan) seven other
  policemen later died from their injuries. The
  police immediately opened fire on the crowd,
  injuring dozens. Many of the wounded were afraid
  to visit hospitals for fear of being arrested. A
  total of eleven people died.

53

• Samuel Gompers - was an American labor and
  political leader. Gompers founded the American
  Federation of Labor (AFL) and held the position
  as president of the organization for all but one
  year from 1886 until his death in 1924.

54

• Strike work stoppage by union workers to
  pressure management to address workers needs

55

• Yellow-dog Contract workers must sign a
  contract that states they will not join a union
  if hired to work in a factory

56

• Sherman Anti-trust Act outlawed any business
  practice that retrained trade, it was intended to
  block companies from forming monopolies, it was
  used to stop unions from striking

57

• Homestead Strike - was a labor lockout and strike
  which began on June 30, 1892, with a battle
  between the strikers and private security agents
  erupting on July 6, 1892. It is one of the most
  serious labor disputes in U.S. history. The
  dispute occurred in Homestead, Pennsylvania,
  between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and
  Steel Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel
  Company.

58

• Pendleton Act - is an 1883 United States federal
  law that established the United States Civil
  Service Commission, which placed most federal
  employees on the merit system and marked the end
  of the so-called "spoils system." Drafted during
  the Chester A. Arthur administration

59

• Political machines - In the United States in the
  late 19th and early 20th century, it was mainly
  the larger cities that had machines Boston,
  Chicago, Cleveland, New York City, Philadelphia,
  etc. and each city's machine was run by a
  "boss," a man who had the allegiance of elected
  officials and who knew the buttons to push to get
  things done. Many machines formed in cities to
  serve immigrants to the U.S. in the late
  nineteenth century the immigrants were
  unfamiliar with the sense of civic duty that was
  part of American republicanism. They traded votes
  for jobs and inside favors from judges,
  policemen, and city inspectors. Some bosses were
  ruthless in their endeavor to retain power. The
  main role of the machine staffers was to win
  elections--usually by turning out large numbers
  of voters on election day.

60

• Boss Tweed - commonly known as "Boss" Tweed, was
  an American politician and head of Tammany Hall,
  the name given to the Democratic Party political
  machine that played a major role in New York City
  politics from the 1790s to the 1960s. He was
  convicted and eventually imprisoned for stealing
  millions of dollars from the city through graft.

61

• Tammany Hall - the name given to the Democratic
  Party political machine that played a major role
  in New York City politics from the 1790s to the
  1960s.

62

• Initiative - provides a means by which a petition
  signed by a certain minimum number of registered
  voters can force a public vote on a proposed
  statute, constitutional amendment, charter
  amendment or ordinance.

63

• Referendum - is a direct vote in which an entire
  electorate is asked to either accept or reject a
  particular proposal. This may be the adoption of
  a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a
  law, the recall of an elected official or simply
  a specific government policy.

64

• Recall - is a procedure by which voters can
  remove an elected official from office. Along
  with the initiative and referendum, it was one of
  the major electoral reforms advocated by leaders
  of the Progressive movement in the United States
  during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

65

• Alfred T. Mahan called for a two ocean Navy to
  protect the interest of the US in an
  imperialistic society, his ideas gained support
  around the time of the Spanish-American War and
  also included a more direct route from the
  Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean (Panama Canal)

66

• Josiah Strong - was a Protestant clergyman and
  author. He was a founder of the Social Gospel
  movement that sought to apply Protestant
  religious principles to solve the social ills
  brought on by industrialization, urbanization and
  immigration. He believed that all races could be
  improved and uplifted and thereby brought to
  Christ. In the "Possible Future" portion of Our
  Country, Strong argued that the superior
  Anglo-Saxon race had a responsibility to
  "civilize and Christianize" the world.

67

• Spheres of Influence - is an area or region over
  which an organization or state exerts some kind
  of indirect cultural, economic, military or
  political domination.

68

• Open Door Policy - was first advanced by the
  United States in the Open Door Notes of
  September-November 1899. In 1898, the United
  States had become an East Asian power through the
  acquisition of the Philippine Islands, and when
  the partition of China by the European powers and
  Japan seemed imminent, the United States felt its
  commercial interests in China threatened. US
  Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the
  major powers (France, Germany, Great Britain,
  Italy, Japan, and Russia), asking them to declare
  formally that they would uphold Chinese
  territorial and administrative integrity and
  would not interfere with the free use of the
  treaty ports within their spheres of influence in
  China.

69

• Social Darwinism/Imperialism Survival of the
  fittest, One country dominates the
  economic/political/social affairs of another
  country

70

• William Randolph Hearst - was an American
  newspaper magnate, born in San Francisco,
  California., owner of the New York Morning
  Journal, became known for sensationalist writing
  and for its agitation in favor of the
  Spanish-American War, and the term yellow
  journalism (a pejorative reference to
  scandal-mongering, sensationalism, jingoism and
  similar practices) was derived from the Journal's
  color comic strip, The Yellow Kid.

71

• Joseph Pulitzer - In 1882 Pulitzer, by then a
  wealthy man, purchased the New York World, a
  newspaper that had been losing 40,000 a year,
  for 346,000 from Jay Gould. Pulitzer shifted its
  focus to human-interest stories, scandal, and
  sensationalism. best known for posthumously
  establishing the Pulitzer Prizes and (along with
  William Randolph Hearst) for originating yellow
  journalism.

72

• Dollar Diplomacy - is the term used to describe
  the efforts of the United Statesparticularly
  under President William Howard Taftto further
  its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East
  Asia through use of its economic power. The term
  was originally coined by President Taft, who
  claimed that U.S. operations in Latin America
  went from 'warlike and political' to 'peaceful
  and economic.

73

• Platt Amendment - The amendment ceded to the U.S.
  the naval base in Cuba (Guantánamo Bay),
  stipulated that Cuba would not transfer Cuban
  land to any power other than the U.S., mandated
  that Cuba would contract no foreign debt without
  guarantees that the interest could be served from
  ordinary revenues, ensured U.S. intervention in
  Cuban affairs when the U.S. deemed necessary,
  prohibited Cuba from negotiating treaties with
  any country other than the United States, and
  provided for a formal treaty detailing all the
  foregoing provisions.

74

• Roosevelt Corollary - to the Monroe Doctrine was
  a substantial alteration (called an "amendment")
  of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore
  Roosevelt in 1904. In its altered state, the
  Monroe Doctrine would now consider Latin America
  as an agency for expanding U.S. commercial
  interests in the region, along with its original
  stated purpose of keeping European hegemony from
  the hemisphere. In addition, the corollary
  proclaimed the explicit right of the United
  States to intervene in Latin American conflicts
  exercising an international police power. AKA
  Walk softly and carry a big stick

75

• Muckraking - is an American English term for one
  who investigates and exposes issues of corruption
  that violate widely held values, such as
  political corruption, corporate crime, child
  labor, conditions in slums and prisons,
  unsanitary conditions in food processing plants
  (such as meat), fraudulent claims by
  manufacturers of patent medicines, labor
  racketeering, and similar topics.

76

• Ida Tarbell - was an author and journalist. She
  was known as one of the leading "muckrakers" of
  her day, whose work was originally published in
  McClure's Magazine. She also loved the taste of
  peanut butter in her mouth, and was caught
  shoplifting peanut butter over 10 times. Her
  famous exposé of the nefarious business practices
  of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company
  established her as a pioneer of investigative
  journalism.

77

• Lucretia Mott - was an American Quaker minister,
  abolitionist, social reformer and proponent of
  women's rights. She is credited as the first
  American "feminist" in the early 1800s but was,
  more accurately, the initiator of women's
  political advocacy.

78

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton - was a social activist
  and a leading figure of the early woman's
  movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments,
  presented at the first women's rights convention
  held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often
  credited with initiating the organized woman's
  rights and woman's suffrage movements in the
  United States.

79

• Upton Sinclair Famous muckraker known for
  writing The Jungle which exposed the unsanitary
  conditions of the meat packing industry in
  Chicago

80

• Plessey vs. Ferguson, 1896 - Separate but Equal
  is Constitutional

81

• Booker T. Washington Everybodys money is
  green, early Civil Rights leader, advocate of
  vocational training for African Americans

82

• Ida Wells Barnett - was an African American civil
  rights advocate, and led a strong cause against
  lynching. She was a fearless anti-lynching
  crusader, suffragist, women's rights advocate,
  journalist and speaker.

83

• Lincoln Steffens - was an American journalist and
  one of the most famous and influential
  practitioners of the journalistic style called
  muckraking. He is also known for his 1921
  statement, upon his return from the Soviet Union
  "I have been over into the future, and it works.

84

• Fords Innovations
• 5 a day
• Assembly Line
• Model T.
• Workers as Consumers

85

• Appeasement - is a policy of accepting the
  imposed conditions of an aggressor in lieu of
  armed resistance, usually at the sacrifice of
  principles. Since World War II, the term has
  gained a negative connotation in the British
  government, in politics and in general, of
  weakness, cowardice and self-deception resulted
  in the Munich Pact which allowed Germany to
  occupy the Sudetenland portion of Czechoslovakia

86

• 14 Points - were listed in a speech delivered by
  President Woodrow Wilson of the United States to
  a joint session of the United States Congress on
  January 8, 1918. In his speech, Wilson intended
  to set out a blueprint for lasting peace in
  Europe after World War I.

87

• Treaty of Versailles ended WWI, included a War
  Guilt clause which enabled the allies to force
  Germany to pay reparations

88

• League of Nations - was an international
  organization founded after the Paris Peace
  Conference, 1919. The League's goals included
  disarmament, preventing war through collective
  security, settling disputes between countries
  through negotiation diplomacy and improving
  global welfare. The diplomatic philosophy behind
  the League represented a fundamental shift in
  thought from the preceding hundred years. The
  League lacked an armed force of its own and so
  depended on the Great Powers to enforce its
  resolutions, keep to economic sanctions which the
  League ordered, or provide an Army, when needed,
  for the League to use. However, it was often very
  reluctant to do so.

89

• WWI impact of US Foreign Policy after the War
  Lead US to follow a policy of Isolationism to
  avoid alliances that may drag the US into another
  European conflict

90

• Sacco and Vanzeti - were two Italian-born
  American anarchists, who were arrested, tried,
  and executed via electrocution in Massachusetts.
  There is much controversy regarding their guilt,
  stirred in part by Upton Sinclair's 1928 novel
  Boston. Critics of the trial have accused the
  prosecution and trial judge of allowing
  anti-Italian, anti-immigrant, and anti-anarchist
  sentiment to influence the jury's verdict.

91

• Teapot Dome Scandal - is a reference to an oil
  field on public land in Wyoming, so named because
  of a rock resembling a teapot overlooking the
  field. It is also a phrase commonly applied to
  the scandal that rocked the administration of
  United States President Warren G. Harding.

92

• Market/Advertising in the 20s National
  Advertising, consumer credit buying, mail order
  catalogs, installment plans (buying)

93

• Langston Hughes - was an American poet, novelist,
  playwright, short story writer, and newspaper
  columnist. Hughes is best known for his work
  during the Harlem Renaissance.

94

• Babe Ruth - was an American Major League baseball
  player during the Roaring Twenties.

95

• Scopes Trial teaching the theory of evolution
  in public schools, fundamentalist vs. secularism

96

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insures
  deposits in banks, depression era safety net for
  banks, it encouraged people to save their money
  is banks

97

• Munich Pact appeasement agreement that allowed
  Germany to occupy the Sudetenland of
  Czechoslovakia

98

• Non-Aggression Pact Germany and USSR agreement
  not to declare war on each other while German
  troops attacked Poland, USSR was given part of
  Poland as a part of the agreement

99

• Holocaust Systematic killing of certain groups
  by the Germans during WWII. Main targeted group
  were the JEWS

100

• Manhattan Project Project to construct an
  atomic weapon

101

• Stalingrad/Turning Point Stalin refused to back
  down from the city that was his namesake, this
  stubbornness and the harsh Russian winter
  resulted in a huge loss for the German Army

102

• Korematsu vs. US - was a landmark United States
  Supreme Court case which asked the question, "Did
  the President and Congress go beyond their war
  powers by implementing exclusion and restricting
  the rights of Americans of Japanese descent?" In
  a 6-3 decision, the Court sided with the
  government, ruling that the exclusion order
  leading to Japanese American Internment was not
  unconstitutional.

103

• Berlin Airlift delivery of food and supplies to
  the population of West Berlin by the US and its
  allies after the USSR blockaded the city

104

• D-Day June 6th, 1944, beach landings to begin
  the liberation of France from German control

105

• Marshall Plan Gave assistance to the countries
  of Europe intent on stopping the spread of
  communism

106

• Alliance for Progress Economic assistance to
  Latin-American countries in an attempt to stop
  the spread of communism into Central and South
  America

107

• United Nations Peace keeping organization that
  took the place of the League of Nations after
  WWII

108

• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
  alliance of Non-communist countries mainly in
  Europe

109

• Warsaw Pact alliance of communism countries,
  puppets of the USSR

110

• House Un-American Activities Committee looked for
  suspected communist, especially in Hollywood.

111

• McCarthyism Senate search for communist
  sympathizers in the government and military of
  the US

112

• Détente French term for the thawing of tensions
  between the USSR and the US

113

• Cuban Missile Crisis USSR tries to place
  Nuclear Missiles in Cuba aimed at the US,
  President Kennedy sends the Navy into the
  Atlantic to intercept the delivery of the
  warheads from the USSR to Cuba

114

• SNCC Student Non-violent coordinating committee
  lead by Stokley Carmichael, participated in
  sit-ins, voter registration dives in Mississippi,
  and Civil Rights protest marches, became more
  militant as Carmichael began to promote the
  Black Power movement

115

• Earl Warren Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
  from 1953 until 1969

116

• Brown vs. Board of Ed reversed Plessy vs.
  Ferguson making Separate but Equal
  unconstitutional in public schools

117

• The Feminine Mystique book written by Betty
  Friedan concerning the fulfillment of women
  within a male dominated society

118

• Betty Friedan thought that women should seek
  fulfillment outside the realm of being a wife and
  mother

119

• Haight-Ashbury capital of the Hippie movement
  in San Francisco

120

• Cesar Chavez advocate for the rights of
  Mexican-Americans, especially migrant farm
  workers

121

• My Lai Incident killing of 200 civilians in the
  South Vietnamese village of My Lai, further turn
  the American public against the war in Vietnam

122

• Domino Theory one country falls to communism,
  all of the countries in the region will also fall
  to communism

123

• Containment US policy of not allowing communism
  to spread to other regions of the world

124

• Martin Luther King Jr. leader of the Civil
  Rights movement in the US, Assassinated in 1968,
  non-violent protest

125

• Malcolm X follower of Elijah Mohammad, Nation of
  Islam spokesman, assassinated by Muslim followers
  for abandoning the cause

126

• Black Power Movement Nationalistic approach to
  Civil Rights, symbol was the raised fist

127

• Stokley Carmichael leader of SNCC, advocate of
  the Black Panthers and the Black Power movement

128

• Sputnik USSR Satellite, lead to the US opening
  the Space Race and eventual landing of man on the
  moon

129

• Iran-Contra Affair - was one of the largest
  political scandals in the United States during
  the 1980s. It involved several members of the
  Reagan Administration who in 1986 helped sell
  arms to Iran, an avowed enemy, and used the
  proceeds to fund the Contras, an anti-communist
  guerrilla organization in Nicaragua.

130

• Persian Gulf Wars 1st Persian Gulf War was to
  liberate Kuwait from Iraqi control. 2nd Persian
  Gulf War was to relieve Saddam Hussein of power
  in Iraq

131

• Flag Burning issue addressed by the court case
  of Texas vs. Johnson

132

• Texas vs. Johnson - defendant's act of flag
  burning was protected speech under the First
  Amendment to the United States Constitution

133

• NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement

134

• Department of Energy - is a Cabinet-level
  department of the United States government
  responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety.

135

• Three Mile Island - On March 28, 1979, the Unit 2
  nuclear power plant on Three Mile Island suffered
  a partial core meltdown. This was the worst
  accident in US commercial nuclear power
  generating history

136

• Energy Crisis - Cause an OPEC oil export embargo
  by many of the major Arab oil-producing states,
  in response to western support of Israel during
  the Yom Kippur War

137

• Jimmy Carter - As President his major initiatives
  included the consolidation of numerous
  governmental agencies into the newly formed
  Department of Energy, a cabinet level department.
  He enacted strong environmental legislation. With
  bipartisan support he and Congress deregulated
  the trucking, airline, rail, finance,
  communications, and oil industries. Carter
  bolstered the social security system and
  appointed record numbers of women and minorities
  to significant government and judicial posts. In
  foreign affairs, Carter's major initiatives
  included the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal
  Treaties, the creation of full diplomatic
  relations with the People's Republic of China,
  and the negotiation of the SALT II Treaty. In
  addition, he is seen as a champion of human
  rights throughout the world and used human rights
  as the center of his administration's foreign
  policy.

138

• Bill Clinton - Clinton's presidency included the
  longest period of economic growth in America's
  history. Clinton made cutting the deficit a top
  priority of his presidency. He supported and
  signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of
  1993. The Clinton Administration had a domestic
  agenda that included successful passage of the
  Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 and the
  North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
  Clinton was unsuccessful in his attempt at a
  universal health care reform program, known as
  the Clinton health care plan. The foreign policy
  of the Clinton administration dealt with
  conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Haiti, and
  most notably the Kosovo War.

139

• Affirmative Action - is a policy or a program
  whose stated goal is to redress past or present
  discrimination through active measures to ensure
  equal opportunity, as in education and employment