SOCIAL SCIENCE PROJECT

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SOCIAL SCIENCE PROJECT

• DONE BY-
• SOUMEE SENGUPTA 8-A
• BHAGYASHRI SONAWANE 8-A
• ARCHANA KUSHWAHA 8-A

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India from 1857 to 1947
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THE INDIAN REBELLION OF 1857

• The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a great uprising
  in northern and central India as a result of
  Delhis policy of annexation an doctrine of lapse
  and the Britishs indiffer-ence towards the
  Indian rulers like the Mughals and the Peshwas.It
  was first started by Mangal Pandey who was hanged
  by the British but later revolt spread in
  Meerut,Jhansi,Kanpur and Lucknow.Slowly the Rani
  of Jhansi, Nana Sahib and Tantia Tope were
  subdued and the British took the control of the
  sitiuation .The effects of the revolt of 1857
  were far-reaching. After it, the British
  introduced reforms to involve the higher caste
  Indians into administrative services and
  abolished the East India Company to bring the
  Indian subordinates under the direct rule of
  Queen Victoria. King Bahadur Shah was exiled to
  Rangoon where he died in 1862.The number of
  Indians were reduced in the army and British
  soldiers were increased.

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THE PERIOD OF SOCIAL REFORMS

• The decades following Sepoy rebellion was a
  period of growing political awareness and Indian
  leadership at the provincial and national
  level.In 1885, Indian National Congress was
  founded by SurendraNath Banerjee at the
  sponsorship of A.O.Hume. At first the Congresss
  role was limited in discussing annually matters
  related to civil rights and Indian aspiration to
  Civil Service examination etc. The elite class of
  Indians were its members . The influence of
  socio-religious groups like Brahmo Samaj and Arya
  Samaj and the inculcation of moral and cultural
  values by Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore,
  Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Dada Naoroji was
  catalystic for the huge national fervour and
  passion for freedom that was to be felt at a
  later date.

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THE RISE OF INDIAN NATIONALISM

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the first Congressman,
  who said Swaraj is my birthright and I shall
  have it.Alongwith Lala Lajpat Rai and
  Bipinchandra Pal he formed the extremist group as
  against the moderates represented by Gokhale etc
  who criticized the earlier ones and ultimately
  drove them from the Congress in 1907.In 1906
  alarmed by the Hindu prominence All India Muslim
  League was formed to seek selective muslim
  participation in government service and
  electorate. The British government also followed
  the Divide and Rule policy and divided Bengal in
  1905 under Lord Curzon.Meanwhile the Congress led
  opposition of the partition by the boycott and
  swadeshi movement ultimately forced the
  government to reverse the partition in 1911 and
  transfer the capital from Calcutta to New
  Delhi.During the First World War though India
  supported the British with her full force but
  Bengal and Punjab remained hotbeds of terroristic
  aspirations.After the war due to rising inflation
  and escalated human suffering the extremists and
  the moderates submerged their differences and in
  the Lucknow pact a temporary alliance was formed
  with the muslims . The British government also
  followed a carrot and stick policy by the
  Government of India Act,1919 introduced local a
  self government in India.

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THE NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT AND ITS AFTER EFFECTS

• The positive effects of the reforms of 1919 were
  soon erased by the black act of Rowlatt Act which
  tried to silence the voice of Indian press and
  imprison any person without trial . Next followed
  the protests of Jallian Wala Bagh where at the
  order of General ODyer more than three hundred
  people were fired at on 13th April,1919.
• The first Satyagraha was staged by M.K.Gandhi in
  1919 in protest against the use of foreign goods
  and using khadi. The non-cooperation movement
  acquired its momentum when Gandhiji abruptly
  called it off because it turned violent at Chauri
  Chaura.In 1920,Congress vowed at aiming Swaraj as
  its ultimate goal and during this time a bunch of
  important leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabh
  Bhai Patel, Subhash .Chandra Bose emerged as the
  partys prominent leaders shaping its future
  policies.Following the rejection of Simon
  Commission by the Indian people, in its historic
  Lahore session Congress adopted Purna Swaraj as
  its goal and authorised itself to observe civil
  disobedience movement in 1930s.In the same year
  Gandhiji undertook the famous Dandi march to
  break the law and prepared salt from sea water.

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CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE AND REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS

• In April,1930 the civil disobedience movement
  turned violent in Calcutta and Gandhiji was
  imprisoned .Later he was released to attend the
  Gandhi-Irwin pact in 1931.The British government
  agreed to release all prisoners and in return
  civil disobedience was called off. Gandhiji
  attended the second round table conference which
  was however a failure and he came back only to
  resume the movement again. In 1935 the government
  of India act aimed at giving provincial autonomy
  and safeguarding minority peoples interest by
  maintaining separate electorate. This later
  culminated into the two nation theory and gave
  birth to Pakistan.
• During the whole span of the twentieth century
  several revolutionary activities contributed
  towards the freedom struggle. For e.g.,during the
  partition of Bengal in 1905 Aurobinda Ghosh and
  The Anushilan Samiti in Bengal took the initial
  steps while in the 1920s Bhagat Singh and his
  followers protested by throwing bomb in the
  central legislative assembly. All of them were
  hanged.

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THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT AND THE FINAL HOURS OF
INDEPENDENCE

• In the background of a widespread
  dissatisfaction in an arbitrary participation of
  India into second world war, Gandhiji called Quit
  India movement in the 1940s. Further the
  aspirations for self-government was again
  thwarted by the proposals of Cripps Mission
  which failed to meet the Indian
  expectations.Allout hartal was seen and mass
  agitation resulted into bomb throwing and large
  scale arrest. Other significant development was
  the founding of Indian National Army by Subhash
  Bose which fought against the allied forces in
  the Burma and seiged kohima. But the INA forces
  were captured and during their trial mass revolts
  broke out specially among the Indian navy which
  defied the orders of the British superiors. All
  this agitations culminated into the unwilling
  British masters to step down from power under
  Lord Mountbatten in August 1947 when
  Independence was announced and partition of India
  followed with the birth of two nations- that of
  India and Pakistan.

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THE END