Blood cells and blood typing

1
Blood cells and blood typing

• Exercise 33 and 35

2
Blood matrix

• Plasma
• Liquid matrix of blood
• Makes up about 55
• Made of water and inorganic electrolytes
• Serves as a transport system for hormones,
  glucose, lipids, metabolic waste products

3
Hemopoiesis

• Blood formation
• Occurs in the red marrow of long bones and flat
  bones (sternum, skull, ribs)
• All blood cells start out as hemocytoblasts
• Comes from embryonic mesenchyme
• Differentiates into RBCs and WBCs

4
(No Transcript)
5
Blood

• Erythrocytes
• Red blood cells
• Anucleate- more efficient
• Carry O2 and CO2
• Contains hemoglobin
• 120 day lifespan
• Cannot undergo mitosis

6
Blood

• Leukocytes
• White blood cells
• Contains a nucleus, but no hemoglobin
• Fights infection
• 2 types of leukocytes
• Granular
• Agranular

7
Granulocytes the -phils

• Have granules similar to lysosomes of other
  somatic cells
• Have lobed nuclei
• Named because of what stain is used for them
• Neutrophil
• Eosinophil
• Basophil

8
Neutrophil

• Most abundant WBC
• Fights infection caused by bacteria
• Done by phagocytosis
• Stains light purple
• 2 types can be seen PMN and band
• PMN- polymorphonuclear leukocyte
• Bands- nucleus is a solid band

9
PMN Neutrophil
10
Band Neutrophil
11
Eosinophil

• Usually bi-lobed nucleus
• Stains deep red using eosin
• Fights off infection of parasites
• Hookworm
• Some viral infections

12
Basophil

• Least common WBC 0.01-0.3
• Stains dark/black with a basic dye
• Hard to see nucleus due to extensive amount of
  granules
• Granules contain histamine
• Largely responsible for allergic reactions
• Found at sites of inflammation

13
Basophil
14
Agranulocytes

• Do not have granules
• Lymphocytes
• T-cells
• B-cells
• Monocytes

15
Lymphocytes

• Small
• Nucleus takes up a large amount of cell space
• Circulates in the blood stream
• Makes up a large part of the lymphatic system
• 2 types
• B-cells nurtured in bone marrow
• T-cells nurtured in the thymus

16
Lymphocyte
17
B-cells

• Humoral immune response
• Differentiates into plasma cells
• Makes antibodies
• This is why you get Chicken pox once
• Plasma cells remember the virus and are ready
  to fight if it invades again
• Flu, you only get each strain once, there are
  many strains

18
T-cells

• Responsible for the cellmeditated immune
  response
• Similar to the work done by the neutrophil
• Phagocytosis
• Make B-cells differentiate into plasma cells to
  begin making antibodies
• Helper T-cells
• HIV destroys helper T-cells, leaving immune
  system compromised

19
Monocyte

• Largest WBC
• Nucleus can be
• Round
• Kidney-shaped
• Oval
• Lobed
• Functions similar to that of the neutrophil

20
Thrombocytes

• Platelets cell fragments
• Form blood clots (scabs)
• Become activated when they come in contact with
  collagen
• This is exposed when blood vessels are broken

21
Blood typing

• Blood groups are developed based on what proteins
  are found on the surface of the RBCs
• ABO is most commonly used typing
• It recognizes 4 types
• A
• B
• AB
• O

22
Blood typing

• Type A
• Has A antigens and B antibodies
• Type B
• Has B antigens and A antibodies
• Type AB
• Has A and B antigens and no antibodies
• Type O
• Has NO antigens and A and B antibodies

23
(No Transcript)
24
Agglutination

• Clumping NOT clotting
• Occurs when the foreign blood is introduced the
  antibodies of the infected person begin to attach
  to the antigen of the foreign blood
• This is how blood type is determined also

25
Rh factor

• Another protein found on RBCs is the Rh (Rhesus)
  factor
• Named for the work done with Rhesus Macaque
• Positive
• RBCs have the Rh antigen on its surface and does
  not make antibodies
• Negative
• RBCs DO NOT have the Rh antigen on its surface
  and makes antibodies

26
Who can get what?

• Type A
• A and O
• Type B
• B and O
• Type AB
• A, B, AB and O
• Type O
• Only O

• Rh positive ()
• Can receive both positive and negative
• Rh negative (-)
• Can ONLY receive negative

27
Rh Factor and Pregnancy

• ? is Rh- and ? is Rh
• Chance that fetus is Rh
• This will cause the mothers body to produce the
  Rh antibody
• This does not harm the first offspring
• If ? becomes pregnant again the antibodies will
  affect the fetus
• This is called erythroblastosis fetalis
• Production of antibodies can be prevented using
  Rhogam

28
(No Transcript)
29
Diseases of the blood

• Sickle-cell anemia
• RBCs become sickle shaped upon the first release
  of O2
• They are much less efficient
• May become stuck in the capillaries, cause
  stroke, shortened lifespan
• Carriers of ScA
• Dont have as many sickle-shaped cells
• Advantageous to be a carrier
• Somewhat immune to malaria

30

• Hemophilia
• Genetic disorder that causes a clotting process
  malfunction
• Leukemia blood cancer
• Marrow is changed and makes malignant WBCs and
  fewer platelets
• Symptoms include bruising and bleeding easily
• Blood-borne pathogens blood as a vector
• HIV/AIDS
• Hepatitis B and C
• West Nile virus and Malaria (these need a
  carriermosquitoes)

31
Is agglutination present?
32
(No Transcript)
33

• Look at the posters on the table
• The blood typing one will be helpful
• Pick out the key characteristics of each blood
  cell
• Blood type at least one person using the stuff
  at the front of the room
• Take a look at a blood smear slide
• Try to find all 5 different leukocytes (basophil
  is hard to find)
• Recognize RBCs and platelets