How did life begin on Earth

1
How did life begin on Earth ?

• The Bible teaches that God created all life on
  earth.
• But evolution teaches that life started by a
  purely natural process.
• What does the scientific evidence tell us ?

2
Achievements of Science

• Physics
• Law of Gravity (Newton)
• Law of Electromagnetism (Maxwell)
• Structure of the atom (Bohr, and others)
• Chemistry
• Periodic table chemical properties
• Organic chemistry
• Molecular-biology
• DNA structure
• Cell chemistry
• How does science discover these truths ???

3
How science discovers the truth

• Science tries to find explanations for things we
  can observe
• Scientific method
• Observe and gather information
• Propose a theory (a good guess)
• Devise experiments to test the theory
• See if results of experiments check out with the
  theory
• If not, change theory and try again
• If so, theory becomes a law

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Example
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How life began Theory of Evolution

• Science has studied the question How did life
  begin on earth
• Science has learn a lot about what living
  organisms are made of and how living organisms
  work in Biology and Chemistry
• But science has not yet discovered how life
  began... Science is still guessing...
• The scientific theory (guess) on how life begin
  is called Theory of Evolution

6
MSNBC Poll on Evolution (Jan 2003)

• What do you think of the evidence regarding
  evolutionary theory?
• The evidence is so strong that the theory is
  beyond doubt.   56
• The evidence is not sufficient to support the
  theory.   28
• Neither of the above.   16
• Poll audience

7
So is Evolution a proven theory ???

• A recent PBS TV series on Evolution claims that
• All known scientific evidence support evolution
• Virtually every reputable scientist in the world
  support evolution
• School text books on evolution all proclaim that
  Evolution is a proven fact
• Many people who once believed that God created
  the world turned away from God after they learned
  about the Theory of Evolution... (anyone here ?)

8
Evolution is NOT a proven theory

• Immediately after the PBS TV series, 100
  scientists (from well-known universities like
  MIT, Yale, Emory, etc) published a 2-page ad in
  the newspaper The Weekly Standard
• Public TV programs, education policy statements,
  and science textbooks have asserted that Theory
  of Evolution fully explains the complexity of
  living things. The public has been assured, most
  recently by spokespersons for PBS's Evolution
  series, that "all known scientific evidence
  support evolution" as does "virtually every
  reputable scientist in the world. ----- The
  following scientists DISPUTE the first claim and
  stand as LIVING TESTIMONY in contradiction to the
  second.. (followed by the names of these 100
  scientists)

9
Before we discuss Evolution

• Before I can talk about Evolution, I need to
  explain what living things are made of...
• I have tried to keep things as simple as
  possible, but
• If something is unclear, please stop me anytime
  and ask questions !!!

10
What are living things made of ?
Cell
0.01 mm
11
Structure of a living cell

• We now know the cell is extremely complex
• In Darwin days, they thought the cell was simply
  a blob, like dough (bad microscopes)

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What is a cell made of ?
Amino-acid molecule
Cell
Millions of protein molecules
Chain of 100s of amino-acid molecules
13
Amino-acids building blocks of life

• 20 different amino-acid molecules in cells
• Each protein molecule is made of different
  combinations of amino-acids
• Q How many different protein molecules ?

Example protein molecule
Another example
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Protein molecules used in cells

• There can be infinitely many different protein
  molecules
• Analogy
• 10 digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
• Each number is made of different combination of
  10 digits (123, 27632, 67, )
• We can make up infinite many different numbers
• Living cells use over thousands of different
  kinds of protein molecules

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What do you need to do to make life ?
Lots and lots and lots of different kinds of
amino-acid molecules
1 Cell
Millions of protein molecules
Lots and lots of diff kinds of protein molecules
16
What do you need to do to make life ?

• Make billions of amino-acid molecules (of
  different kinds)

Amino-acid molecules come in 2 flavors left
handed and right-handed. Life only use
left-handed molecules
17
What do you need to do to make life ?

• Pick the right kinds of amino-acid molecules in
  the right order to make millions of protein
  molecules

Pick only left-handed ones !
Put in the right order !
Some protein molecules have over 1000 amino-acids
!
18
What do you need to do to make life ?

• Pick the right kinds of protein molecules and put
  them together in the right way to build ONE
  SINGLE cell

Tens of thousands different kinds of proteins
Millions of protein molecules
Cell your worst 3D Chinese Jigsaw puzzle
nightmare...
19
So can we make a living cell ?

• With all our current advanced knowledge and
  technologies, we cannot make a living cell from
  scratch...
• Suppose we would break apart a living cell, we
  could not put the cell back together again...

20
Now we can talk about Evolution

• What I describe next is the theory or guess
  that science has proposed to explain how life
  began on earth
• I will describe the theory in its entirety first
• As for all science, a theory (guess) must be
  supported by evidence I will present the
  scientific evidence after presenting the Theory
  of Evolution (and explain whats wrong with the
  theory)

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Evolution How did life begin (1)

• Early earths atmosphere contains Hydrogen,
  Methane, Ammonia, Nitrogen gases
• Lightning provided energy to fuse the gases into
  different Amino-acid molecules
• Amino-acid molecules collide with one another to
  for protein molecules
• Protein molecules collide with one another to
  form a living cell

22
Evolution How did life begin (2)

• At first, life was very simple and consist of
  self replicating molecules
• Later, life learn to store genetic information in
  DNA molecules single cell organisms (bacteria)
• And later, single cell organisms developed into
  simple multi-cell orgasms (Example coral polyp)

23
Evolution How did life diversify ?
Billions of years
Life changes slowly over long time
24
Evolution how did life diversify ?

• When more and more living organisms are on earth,
  they compete for their food
• The stronger (faster, smarter, etc) animals will
  have a better chance to survive and reproduce
• This process of adaptation is called natural
  selection

25
Science always check the evidence

• A scientific theory is only a guess it can be
  wrong !
• The principle in science is to always check the
  theory against the evidence
• The evidence is never wrong
• So do we have strong evidence for the Theory of
  Evolution ?

26
Making amino-acid according to Evolution

• Put Hydrogen, Methane, Ammonia, Nitrogen together
• Use lightning (electric sparks) to fuse the gases
  into different Amino-acid molecules
• Any evidence that this can be done ?

27
Making Amino-acids Millers experiment

• Miller put water, nitrogen, methane, ammonia,
  hydrogen and carbon dioxide in a flask
• The mixture was zapped for a week by high voltage
  sparks
• Miller was able to make a number of different
  types of amino-acid molecules
• Some scientists saw this as proof that life
  began on earth through evolution

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Whats wrong with Millers experiment

• When you do science, you must get the starting
  condition right otherwise, the result of the
  experiment is flawed
• Scientists have discovered that Earths early
  atmosphere did not contain hydrogen, methane and
  ammonia
• When Millers experiment is repeated, all it
  produced were very harmful chemicals !

29
More problems with Millers experiment

• Millers experiment cannot produce enough
  amino-acids (electrical sparks destroy the
  amino-acids !!!)
• Millers (and later) experiment can only create
  proteins made with up to 30 amino-acids (some
  proteins have more than 1000 amino-acids !!!)
• Proteins made in Millers experiment contain both
  left-handed and right-handed variants of
  amino-acids (living cells only use left-handed
  ones)

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What some scientists say...

• The physicist Fred Hoyle had this to say
• "This scenario (a huge number of amino-acid
  molecules bouncing against each other and
  creating a living cell) is about as likely as a
  tornado whirling through a junkyard and
  accidentally assembling a fully functional Boeing
  747"...
• In a recent debate, Miller was asked if he
  believed life could have started according to his
  experiment, Miller said No comment...

31
Evolution life have common ancestor

• All life started from a common ancestor
• Is there any evidence for this fact ???

32
Evidence 1 for common descend embryos

• Haeckle showed embryos at different stages of
  their development (1874)
• Haeckles drawing shows that embryos from
  different species look alike at the start of
  their development
• Many biology text books claim that this shows
  that all living things had a common ancestor

33
Evidence 2 for common descend structure

• The skeleton of vertebrates have a common design
  looks like coming from one common ancestor

34
Non-evidence 1 Haeckles fraud !

• You GOTTA to smell fish if biology text books in
  2004 use a drawing from 1874
• In 1997, Richardson took pictures of real embryos
• Richardson
• it's turning out to be one of the most famous
  FAKES in Biology

Many biology text books still contain this lie
!!!
35
More real embryos
Pictures of real embryos clearly show embryos
differ greatly at early stage
Embryos does NOT support the theory of one
common ancestor
36
Dubious evidence 2 one Creator ?

• We see common structure in other things

These common structure shows a common designer
(humans), not necessarily a common ancestor.
37
Fossils

• When some animals died a catastrophic (quick)
  death (e.g., volcano eruption), their bodies can
  be encapsulated in stone/dirt and become a fossil

38
Fossil Record

• Fossils are deposited in rock in layers
• The deeper a layer, the older the fossils !

Recent fossils
Millions of year later
Ancient fossils
39
Fossil record according to Evolution

• According to Evolution
• there is one kind of living organisms in the
  beginning and animals change slowly over time
  (millions of years !)
• The number of different kinds of animals
  (species) grows slowly over a long period of time

Time
40
Fossil record in reality

• Bacteria (procaryotic cells) 3,500 millions
  years ago
• Complex (eucaryotic cells) 2,000 millions
  years ago
• Multicellular animals (jelly fish) 670 millions
  years ago
• Shell-bearing animals (insects) 540 millions
  years ago
• Vertebrates (simple fishes) 490 millions
  years ago
• Amphibians (frogs) 350 millions
  years ago
• Reptiles (lizards) 310
  millions years ago
• Mammals 200
  millions years ago
• Nonhuman primates 60 millions
  years ago
• Earliest apes 25
  millions years ago
• Modern humans 0.15 millions
  years ago

Over 100,000 species of insects appeared suddenly
41
Fossil Record in Reality

• We find the fossils buried in the rock layers
  this way
• Before a certain period (Cambrium layer), there
  is only fossils from a few species (simple
  animals)
• After this period, fossils from all kinds of
  animals appear within a few million years (very
  short for evolution)
• Scientists call this Cambrium explosion

Time
42
What does the Fossil record tell us ?

• According the evolution, number of species in
  fossil record changes slowly
• Actual fossils show thousands of different kinds
  of insects appear at the about same time !
• The Fossil Record better supports creation
• All the fossils of species found have well-formed
  features (complete wings)
• Many species appear within a short time like
  someone designed them all at once !

43
Evidence for Natural Selection moths

• Lighter-colored moths resting on dark tree barks
  can be easily spotted by birds and eaten

44
Natural selection confirmed fact

• Good news for the Theory of Evolution
• Natural selection is a (the only) fact that is
  confirmed by scientific evidence
• Yes, animals do change to survive
• BUT !!!...

45
The truth about natural selection

• Natural selection is not the same thing as
  evolution
• Natural selection can make small changes (shape
  and color) within one animal specie
• Natural selection cannot change one specie into
  another
• Color change in a moth does not change the moth
  into a butterfly or bee !!!
• Evidence for natural selection is NOT evidence
  for evolution !!!

46
Making new animals the great fly experiment

• Starting in 1906, for more than 40 years, Thomas
  Hunt Morgan, a Columbia University zoologist
  tried to create a new type of animal from fruit
  flies
• Fruit flies were ideal because their eggs hatch
  in 12 short days ideal for evolution experiment
• Morgan used X-rays on the flies to speed up
  mutations (changes in cells)

?
X-ray
47
Result of the Fruit Fly experiment
Bar eyes
Vestigial wings
Curled wings
Extra wings (immobile)

• The fruit fly never became anything but a fruit
  fly
• Result does NOT support the theory (guess) that
  one kind of animal can change into another kind !

48
Is Life Designed or Evolved ?

• Morse code
• A   .- B   -... C   -.-. D   -.. E
    . F   ..-.
• Combination of short and long pulse identify a
  unique letter
• To send the word bad in Morse code
• - .- -..
• dee dot dot dot dot dee dee dot dot
• Morse code was designed by intelligent life forms
  (humans) for communication (this was before the
  telephone was invented)

49
Is Life Designed or Evolved ?

• Remember that a protein molecule is made up of a
  number of different amino-acid molecules?
• Different sequence of amino-acid molecules will
  make a different protein
• How does your body know which amino-acid molecule
  to pick to make the right protein ?

Genetic CODE !
Just like Morse code !!!
Every 3 base molecule in DNA (gene) identifies
one amino-acid molecule in a protein
50
Created or Evolved ?

• Some things in nature are almost impossible to
  have been built without any intelligent maker
• Suppose you see the following contraption
• Would you believe it came about by itself ?

51
Is Life Created or Evolved ?

• E. Coli bacteria are one-cell creatures that have
  a very ingenious motion mechanism
• They have a flagellum (wip-like tail) that
  rotates around like a propeller
• This propeller is driven by a molecular
  electrical engine that can revolve 20,000 RPM
  (car engines cant go faster than 8000 RPM)

Humans cant make engines so small. Can this
ingenious machine come about by itself ?
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Summary

• The Theory of Evolution is being taught in school
  text books as if it is true
• But many researchers in universities are finding
  problems with this theory
• Many evidence that evolutionists used to support
  the Theory of Evolution are untrue
• Only natural selection (change to survive better)
  is supported by evidence
• Evolution is not a proven theory !