Give Me Liberty!

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Chapter 19
Norton Media Library
Give Me Liberty! An American History Second
EditionVolume 2
by Eric Foner
2
Chapter 19
Norton Media Library
Give Me Liberty! An American History Second
EditionVolume 2
by Eric Foner
3
I. An era of intervention

• W. T. Sneads The Americanization of the World
• Theodore Roosevelt and Roosevelt Corollary
  (Panama Canal)
• William Howard Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
• Woodrow Wilsonsmoral imperialism (see quote,
  page 680 685)
• Mexico
• Mexican Revolution under leadership of Francisco
  Madero
• Assassination of Madero and outbreak of Civil War
• Wilson dispatches troops, skirmishes with Pancho
  Villa

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Map 77
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Map 76
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II. America and the Great War

• Outbreak of European war
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, Japan)
  versus Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary,
  Ottoman Empire)
• Protracted, bloody stalemate
• Implications of European war
• Undermining of faith in human progress and reason
• Indication of power of nationalism in modern world

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Map 81
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Map 79
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II. America and the Great War (contd)

• American Response
• Mixed sentiments
• Sympathy for Allied Powers
• British roots
• Association of Britain with democracy, Germany
  with tyranny
• Opposition to Allied Powers, and/or U.S.
  involvement
• German, Irish, Russian (anti-czarist) roots
• Antiwar feminists, pacifists, social reformers

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II. America and the Great War (contd)

• American Response
• The road to American involvement
• Initial declaration of neutrality
• British and German blockades
• American business ties to Britain
• Sinking of Lusitania
• Preparedness policy
• German suspension of submarine warfare against
  neutrals
• Reelection of Wilson He Kept Us Out of War
• German resumption of open submarine warfare
• Zimmerman Note
• First Russian Revolution (Menshevik) overthrow
  of czar
• American declaration of war against Germany

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II. America and the Great War (contd)

• From American to Armistice
• Second Russian Revolution (Bolshevik)
• Vladimir Lenins break with Allies
• Withdrawal of Russia from war
• Wilsons Fourteen Points
• Defeat of German advance Allied counteroffensive
• German surrender (11/11/1911)

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III. The war at home (contd)

• Expansion of federal powers
• Military conscription (Selective Service Act,
  1917)
• Economic intervention
• Areas
• War production (War Industries Board Bernard
  Baruch)
• National transportation (Railroad Administration)
• Coal and oil (Fuel Administration)
• Farming and food preparation (Food
  Administration)
• Labor relations (National War Labor Board)
• Varied degrees of intervention
• Coordination of overall war production (WIB)
• Control of some sectors (coal, oil, labor
  relations)

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III. The war at home (contd)

• Expansion of federal powers
• Economic intervention
• Partnership between business and government
• Guaranteed profit
• Suspension of anti-trust
• Labor-management-government cooperation
• Uninterrupted production
• Federal mediation
• Labors right to organize
• Improved wages and working conditions
• Raising of revenue
• Corporate and income tax increases
• Liberty bonds

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III. The war at home (contd)

• Propaganda war
• Widespread opposition to American entry
• Industrial Workers of the World
• Socialist party
• Committee on Public Information George Creel
• Modes of propaganda
• Pamhlets
• Posters
• Advertisements
• Motion pictures
• Four-Minute speeches
• Themes
• Social cooperation
• Expanded democracy and freedom
• Demonization of Germans

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III. The war at home (contd)

• Revitalization of Progressive causes
• Womens suffrage
• Optimism that wartime patriotism will gain women
  the vote
• Insistence that women should enjoy democracy at
  home
• National Womens party
• Alice Paul
• Support from Wilson
• Postwar ratification of Nineteenth Amendment
  (1920)

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III. The war at home (contd)

• Revitalization of Progressive causes
• Prohibition
• Sources of support
• Employers
• Urban reformers
• Women
• Anti-immigration Protestants
• Anti-Germans
• Progress
• Passage of state laws
• Postwar ratification of Eighteenth Amendment
  (1920)

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Map 80
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III. The war at home (contd)

• Repression of dissent
• Instruments
• Federal government
• Espionage Act
• Sedition Act
• State governments
• Vigilante organizations
• Themes
• Definition of patriotism as support for
  government, war, economic status quo
• Definition of un-Americanism as labor
  radicalism, opposition to war (see Emma Goldman
  quote, page 697)

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III. The war at home (contd)

• Repression of dissent
• Means
• Criminalization of dissent conviction of Eugene
  V. Debs
• Investigations of suspected dissidents
• Mass arrests
• Public harassment and intimidation
• Suppression of labor protest
• Terror
• Minimal reaction from Progressives

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III. The war at home (contd)

• Status and response of African-Americans
• Progressive era
• Roosevelt, Wilson, and Race
• Birth of a Nation
• W. E. B. Du Bois and revival of black protest
• Du Bois background
• The Souls of Black Folk
• Challenge to Booker T. Washingtons
  accommodationism
• Talented tenth
• Niagara movement (1905), see Du Bois quote, pg.
  707
• NAACP (1909)

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III. The War at Home (contd)

• Status and response of African-Americans
• World War I era
• Optimism that wartime patriotism would gain
  blacks equal rights
• Close ranks
• Minimal gains
• Great migration (1910 90 black population in S)
• Scale and direction (see table, page 709)
• Motivations and aspirations
• Disappointing realities
• Anti-black violence, North and South
• New spirit of militancy
• Silent Protest Parade
• Garveyism (see quote, page 710)
• Universal Negro Improvement Association

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IV. 1919

• Labor upheaval in America
• Breadth and magnitude
• Spirit and themes
• Appropriation of wartime rhetoric of freedom and
  democracy
• Social and ideological diversity
• Labor upheaval in America

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IV. 1919 (contd)

• Labor upheaval in America
• Red Scare
• Methods
• Federal raids on officers of labor and radical
  organizations Palmer Raids
• Arrests
• Deportations
• Secret Files
• Outcomes
• Devastation of labor and radical organizations
• Broad outrage over abuse of civil liberties

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V. Forging of postwar international order

• Wilsons performance abroad
• Rapturous reception in Paris
• Hardheaded diplomacy at Versailles
• Treaty of Versailles
• Wilsonian elements
• League of Nations
• New sovereign nations in Europe Finland, Poland,
  Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Latvia,
  Lithuania, Estonia, Yugoslavia
• Harsher elements
• French occupation of Saar Basin and Rhineland
• Germany
• Restrictions on German military
• Crippling reparations for Germany 33-56 billion
• War guilt clause

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V. Forging of postwar international order
(contd)

• Treaty of Versailles
• Limits of national sovereignty
• Denial of independence for French and British
  colonies
• League of Nations mandates for former Ottoman
  lands
• Reallotment of former German colonies
• Seeds of instability for twentieth-century world
• Wilsonian internationalism in postwar America
• Short term setbacks
• League of Nations debate
• Wilsons stroke, incapacity
• Senate rejection of Versailles treaty
• Eclipse of Progressivism return to normalcy

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Map 82