SOUTH AMERICA

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SOUTH AMERICA
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POLITICAL MAP
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REGIONS OF THE REALM

• Caribbean North
• Colombia
• Venezuela
• Guyana
• Suriname
• French Guiana

Brazil

• Andean West
• Peru
• Ecuador
• Bolivia

• Southern Cone
• Argentina
• Chile
• Uruguay
• Paraguay

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MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES

• Physiography
• Dominated by the Andes mountains and the amazon
  basin.
• Population
• Concentrated along the periphery.
• Cultural pluralism
• Exists in most countries and is expressed
  regionally.
• Regional economic interaction
• Has been minimal in the past.
• Acute Financial Problems
• External debts and default

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PLATE TECTONICS
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PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
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PRECIPITATION
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THE INCA EMPIRE

• Culture hearth-
• Basin around Cuzco (1200-1535 a.D.)
• Altiplanos were key to settlement patterns.
• 20 million subjects at its zenith
• Transportation networks and integration efforts
  were most impressive.
• A highly centralized state

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INDIGENOUS PEOPLES COLONIAL DOMAINS
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SOUTH AMERICAS CULTURE SPHERES
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CULTURE SPHERES
Tropical-plantation

• Resembles Middle Americas Rimland
• Locations, soils, tropical climates favor
  plantation crops, especially sugar.
• Initially relied on African slave labor

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CULTURE SPHERES
European-commercial

• The most Latin part of South America
• Includes the Pampas - temperate grasslands
• Economically most advanced
• Transportation networks and quality of life are
  excellent.

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CULTURE SPHERES
Amerind-subsistence

• Correlates with the former Inca Empire
• Feudal socioeconomic structure persists
• Includes some of South Americas poorest areas
• Subsistence agriculture must contend with
  difficult environmental challenges.

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CULTURE SPHERES
Mestizo-transitional

• Surrounds the Amerindian-subsistence region
• A zone of mixture- culturally agriculturally
• Transitional -- economic connotations

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CULTURE SPHERES
Undifferentiated

• Characteristics are difficult to classify.
• Sparsely populated
• Isolation and lack of change- notable features
• Development of Amazonia may prompt significant
  changes.

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SOUTH AMERICAS CULTURE SPHERES
Tropical-plantation
European-commercial
Amerind-subsistence
Mestizo-transitional(mixed)
Undifferentiated
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ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

• MERCOSUR
• LAUNCHED IN 1995
• A SOUTHERN CONE COMMON MARKET
• INCLUDES BRAZIL, ARGENTINA, URUGUAY, AND PARAGUAY
• ANDEAN GROUP
• INITIALLY FORMED IN 1969 (ANDEAN PACT)
• RESTARTED IN 1995
• MEMBERS ARE VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, PERU, ECUADOR,
  AND BOLIVIA

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ECONOMIC INTEGRATION(CONTINUED)

• GROUP OF THREE (G-3)
• FORMED IN 1995
• INCLUDES MEXICO, VENEZUELA, AND COLOMBIA
• A FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION WHICH AIMS TO PHASE OUT
  ALL TARIFFS BY 2005
• NAFTA
• LAUNCHED BY THE US, MEXICO, AND CANADA IN 1995
• AIMS TO INCLUDE CHILE

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BARRIERS TO INTEGRATION

• A hollow continent - why?
• Physiographic barriers
• Non-complementary economies
• Lack of developed infrastructure
• Individual countries oriented towards Europe and
  the us not towards each other

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URBANIZATION

• The movement to and clustering of people in towns
  and cities
• The percentage of a countrys population living
  in cities
• 78 - continent-wide in south america
• South americas increase based on rate of
  natural increase and internal migration
• The latin american city model

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GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
Disamenity
Disamenity
Zone of Maturity
CBD
Zone in Situ Accretion
Zone of peripheral squatter settlements
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GLOBAL URBANIZATION
Urban Population as a Percentage of
Total Population in Different Areas of the World,
1950-2000
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BRAZIL

• South Americas Giant
• World rankings
• Population size - 5th
• Territory - 5th
• Economy - 8th
• Industrial base - 8th

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BRAZIL

• CONTAINS HALF THE CONTINENTS LAND AND PEOPLE
• A FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF 26 STATES
• ETHNIC DIVERSITY - MIXTURE OF EUROPEAN, AFRICAN,
  AND AMERINDIAN PEOPLES
• PORTUGUESE - SPEAKING ROMAN CATHOLIC ADHERENTS
• SUBSTANTIAL MINERAL RESOURCES IRON, ALUMINUM
  ORE, MANGANESE, OIL, AND GAS

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A Two Class System?

• GNP per capita-4,630
• Largest income gap in the realm
• Wealthiest 10 of the population...
• own 2/3 of the land
• control over 50 of the countrys wealth
• Poverty has increased by 50 since 1980

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BRAZIL(CONTINUED)

• GREAT CITIES
• RIO DE JANEIRO - CULTURAL FOCUS
• SAO PAULO - INDUSTRIAL HUB
• BRASILIA - A FORWARD CAPITAL
• DEVELOPING THE AMAZON
• GROWTH POLE CONCEPT
• ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

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FORWARD CAPITAL - BRASILIA

• Is the capital city positioned in a contested or
  potentially contested territory?
• Is it near an international border?
• Does it confirm the states intent to maintain
  its presence in the territory under contention?

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GROWTH POLE THEORY

• AIMS TO PROMOTE GROWTH IN THE HINTERLANDS
• AUGMENTED BY INVESTMENT SUPPORT IN AN ATTEMPT TO
  SPREAD ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND BENEFITS
• CREATE JOBS IN DEPRESSED AREAS
• REDUCE UNEVEN CONCENTRATIONS OF WEALTH
• DECENTRALIZE INDUSTRY
• SETS OFF RIPPLES OF DEVELOPMENT

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All Others
Sao Paulo
57
3
Sao Paulo
All Others
43
97
GDP
TOTAL LAND AREA
Sao Paulo
Sao Paulo
All Others
55
24
76
All Others
45
POPULATION
INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT
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THE NORTH (CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA)
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THE NORTH (CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA)

• VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, GUYANA, SURINAME, FRENCH
  GUIANA
• REGIONAL CHARACTER
• COASTAL LOCATIONS
• EARLY EUROPEAN PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT
• FORCED MIGRATION OF BLACK LABORERS

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VENEZUELA

• - 25.2 MILLION PEOPLE
• OIL FROM LAKE MARACAIBO IS CHIEF RESOURCE
• CARACAS VALENCIA - KEY CITIES

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CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA(CONTINUED)

• COLOMBIA - 41.6 MILLION PEOPLE
• COFFEE, OIL COAL - MAJOR EXPORTS
• COCAINE - LEADING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
• TORN BY INTERNAL VIOLENCE
• BOGOTA MEDELLIN - KEY CITIES

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CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA(CONTINUED)

• THE GUIANAS (FRENCH GUIANA, GUYANA, SURINAME) -
  POPULATIONSlt 1.5 MILLION
• ETHNICALLY DIVERSE
• POVERTY STRICKEN
• FACE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS

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THE WEST (ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA)
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THE WEST(ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA)

• PERU, ECUADOR, BOLIVIA
• REGIONAL CHARACTER AMERINDIAN POPULATIONS,
  SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE, MOUNTAINOUS
  ENVIRONMENTS, POVERTY
• PERU - 28.3 MILLION PEOPLE
• LIMA IS ITS PRIMATE CITY
• ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - FISHING, IRRIGATED
  AGRICULTURE, SUGAR, COTTON, RICE, FRUIT, OIL,
  MINERALS (AN EMERGING ECONOMY!)

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ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA(CONTINUED)

• ECUADOR - 13.1 MILLION PEOPLE
• MAIN EXPORTS OIL, COFFEE, CACAO, BANANAS
• GUAYAQUIL - LARGEST CITY AND COMMERCIAL CENTER
• QUITO - CAPITAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER
• BOLIVIA - 8.6 MILLION PEOPLE (DISPERSED)
• LANDLOCKED
• MAIN EXPORTS TIN AND ZINC

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THE SOUTH (SOUTHERN CONE)
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THE SOUTH(MID-LATITUDE SOUTH AMERICA)

• THE SOUTHERN CONE
• ARGENTINA,
• CHILE,
• PARAGUAY,
• URUGUAY
• HEART OF EUROPEAN-COMMERCIAL CULTURE SPHERE

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THE SOUTH(MID-LATITUDE SOUTH AMERICA)

• ARGENTINA
• 37.8 MILLION PEOPLE
• 90 URBANIZED, PERIPHERAL
• BUENOS AIRES (12.9 MILLION) - A CLASSIC PRIMATE
  CITY
• EXPORTS CEREALS, MEATS, VEGETABLE OILS

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THE SOUTHMID-LATITUDE SOUTH AMERICA (CONTINUED)

• URUGUAY - 3.3 MILLION PEOPLE
• MONTEVIDEO - CLASSIC PRIMATE CITY
• MOST EUROPEAN OF SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES
• EXPORTS HIDES, MEATS,TEXTILES
• PARAGUAY - 5.8 MILLION
• 95 MESTIZO
• LANDLOCKED LOCATION
• CHILE- AN ELONGATED STATE
• EXPORTS COPPER AND NITRATES