Chapter 8 Quiz

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Chapter 8 Quiz

• Language and Thought

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Dont forget to write your answers on a separate
piece of paper to grade when youre done!

• 1. Phonemes are
• a) The rules of grammar that dictate letter
  combinations in a language
• b) The smallest unit of sound in a language
• c) The smallest unit of meaning in a language
• d) Semantically the same as morphemes

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• 2. Because it has all the features commonly
  associated with the concept bird, a robin is
  considered a(n)
• a) prototype
• b) heuristic
• c) algorithm
• d) phenotype

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• 3. Compared to convergent thinkers, to solve a
  problem divergent thinkers are more likely to
• a) Process information to arrive at the single
  best answer
• b) Think creatively and generate multiple answers
  
• c) Problem solve in a systematic step-by-step
  fashion
• d) Frequently suffer from functional fixedness

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• 4. Unlike B. F. Skinner, Noam Chomsky believes
  that children
• a) Learn to speak by mimicking the sounds around
  them
• b) Speak more quickly if their parents correct
  their mispronunciations earlier
• c) Are hard-wired for language acquisition
• d) Learn language more quickly if positive
  rewards are given to them

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• 5. Which of the following is a good example of
  functional fixedness?
• a) Failing to use a dime as a screwdriver when
  you have lost your screwdriver
• b) Not being able to solve a physics problem
  because you apply the same rule you always do
• c) Using a blanket as a pillow
• d) Adding water to a cake mix when it calls for
  milk

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• 6. Having been told that Syd is an engineer and
  Fran is an elementary school teacher, when Arnold
  meets the couple for the first time, he assumes
  that Syd is the husband and Fran is the wife,
  rather than the opposite, which is the case.
  This best illustrates
• a) Confirmation bias
• b) The mere exposure effect
• c) The anchoring effect
• d) The representativeness heuristic

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• 7. Which of the following is a holophrase
  one-year-old Amanda is likely to say?
• Mmmmm
• Gaga
• Eat apple
• Bottle

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• 8. Which of the following exemplifies
  retroactive interference?
• After suffering a blow to the head, Jean cannot
  form new memories.
• Elle failed a Spanish test because she studied
  for her Italian test after studying Spanish.
• Lee cannot remember an important date on the
  history exam.
• Gene cannot remember his new locker combination,
  but he remembers the one from last year.

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• According to the nativist theory, language is
  acquired
• By parents reinforcing correct language use
• Using an inborn ability to learn language at a
  certain developmental stage
• Best in the language and culture native to the
  child and parents
• Only if formal language instruction is provided
  in the childs native language

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• In light of their views on language acquisition,
  which theorist would expect apes to progress the
  furthest in language development?
• B. F. Skinner
• Noam Chomsky
• Jean Piaget
• Herb Terrance

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• The linguistic relativity hypothesis predicts
  that
• People should have difficulty thinking about
  things they cannot describe in words
• Language and thought should develop independently
• People in all cultures should think alike,
  despite their language differences
• Language development should consistently lag
  behind cognitive development

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• In cultures that depend on hunting and gathering
  for subsistence, __________ style is more
  adaptive.
• A field dependent
• A risk-averse
• A field independent
• An algorithmic

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• Corey was serving on a jury in a criminal case,
  and the jury reached a unanimous not guilty
  verdict. Several months later, some additional
  evidence came to light that strongly suggested
  that the defendant was, in fact, guilty of the
  crime in question. Corey is still not convinced
  by the new evidence, and claims he wouldnt have
  voted guilty, even if the new information had
  been presented during the trial. In this
  example, Corey is showing evidence of
• The conjunction fallacy
• The availability heuristic
• Belief perseverance
• Mental set

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• Dr. Grath believes that both an innate
  predisposition and a supportive environment
  contribute to language development. Dr. Graths
  views are MOST consistent with those of
• Behavioral theories
• Nativist theories
• Whorfian theories
• Interactionist theories

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• Fast mapping is
• The development of a mental representation of
  ones environment
• The pacing activity associated with genetics,
  allowing for anticipation of motivational events
• The type of play a child engages in at an early
  age
• Mapping words to underlying concepts after only
  one exposure

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Chapter 8 Answer Key

• B
• A
• B
• C
• A
• D
• D
• B
• B
• A

1. A
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. D

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Essay Question Possibilities!!

• One of the following essay questions will appear
  on your test, be familiar with all of them!!

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Essay Question 1

• Outline the key properties of language, and use
  these to evaluate the ape-language controversy.

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Essay Question 2

• Compare and contrast the behaviorist and nativist
  theories of language acquisition. What is the
  interactionist view, and how has it arisen out of
  dissatisfaction with the other two approaches?

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Essay Question 3

• Name and describe the 3 types of problems
  identified by Greeno (1978), and indicate which
  of the six approaches to problem solving
  discussed in your text would be helpful and
  unhelpful in solving each type of problem.

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Essay Question 4

• How does risky decision making differ from making
  decisions about preferences? How do people
  generally make each type of decision?

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Good Luck!

• Make sure to double check all of your answers and
  study them for the upcoming exam. Remember, AT
  LEAST FIVE of the questions from this quiz will
  make some sort of appearance on the chapter test
  along with one of the essay questions.
• Take advantage of this study guide and good luck
  on your test!