POS 203: Introduction to Political Science 10312006

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POS 203 Introduction to Political Science
10/31/2006

• Course status.
• Paper Assignment 2 due today.
• Hard copy due in class, e-copy due w/n 24 hours.
• Confirmation of receipt will be sent this
  afternoon and Wednesday afternoon.
• Target date for return of assignments, next
  Tuesday, more likely next Thursday.
• Midterm returned Thursday, end of class.
• 20 exams graded, avg. 84.5.
• Class Agenda
• Presentations.
• Landman, Chapter 6.
• Russia.
• Post-Communist/transitional states (contd).

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• Landman, Chapter 6 Non-violent political dissent
  and social movements.
• Research problem
• Why do social movements arise?
• How do they seek to achieve ends
• What do they achieve?
• Comparing
• Many countries.
• Gurr.
• Minorities at Risk Research Project.
• Ingelhart materialist/post-materialist.
• Few countries.
• Kitschelt Political opportunity structure
• Lipset and Rokkan - cleavages.
• One country.
• Gamson, Tarrow, Costain.
• Relevance for Chapters 5 and 6 for understanding
  post-Communist states.
• War, Internal Violent Dissent and origins of
  Communist states.
• Non-Violent/Violent Dissent and Collapse of
  Communist states.

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• Patterns of Repression. Davenport 2005a.

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• Patterns of Repression. Davenport 2005b.

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• WMD 203 Russia and Nuclear Weapons.
• Nuclear Information Project. 2006. Status .

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• Russia and Nuclear Weapons.
• Research and development during World War II.
• Citizen Kurtachov.
• Sakahrov.
• Detonation of first nuclear weapon.
• Detonation of first thermonuclear weapon.
• Detonation of Monster Bomb and US response.
• 57 Megatons, scaled down version of 100 megaton
  warhead.
• Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization
  (CTBTO).
• IAEA
• World Map of Nuclear Research Reactors.
• International Nuclear Safety Center (US. ANL.)
• World Map of Nuclear Reactors.

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• Russia and Terrorism.
• War in Chechnya.
• BBC Chechnya.
• First Chechen War.
• 46,000 80000 dead.
• Second Chechen War.
• 30,000.
• Video destruction of Grozny, capital of
  Chechnya, ITN/PBS Newshour coverage Jan.-Feb.
  2000.
• Terrorist attacks w/n Russia.
• 2002 Hostage Theatre Moscow.
• 2004 Beslan School Hostage crisis.
• Video Moscow Theater seige ends.
• Russian Antiterror site.
• FSB, MVD and other security ministries.

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• Communist and Post-communist States.
• Communist World - Born in the Crucible of War and
  Market Failure.
• 1917 Soviet Revolution - Civil War.
• Consolidation of Soviet Control of Eastern Europe
  post-WWII.
• Chinese Revolution 1949.
• Cuban Revolution - 1956-1959 - 1961 Formal
  alliance with Soviet Union.
• Height of extension of communist world late 1970s
  and 1980s.
• Leninist State.
• Vanguardist party.
• Democratic Centralism.
• Dictatorship of the Proletariat.

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• Communist and Post-communist States.
• Command Economy.
• State controlled means of production.
• Central planning rather than market dynamics.
• Effective for rapid industrialization and
  militarization.
• Ineffective for production of consumer goods.
• Unclear if late start of communist states
  produced above outcome.

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• Communist and Post-communist States.
• Anarchism.
• Socialism.
• Private Ownership of means of production flawed.
• Social democracy as goal.
• Democratization of work place.
• Public ownership of means of production - improve
  human relations.
• Marxism.
• Class struggle essential to all stages of human
  civilization.
• Dialectical historical materialism.
• Base, Superstructure, Contradictions.
• Capitalism merely one stage in development.
• Marxism-Leninism.
• Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism.
• Revolutions will develop w/n periphery and then
  extend to core.

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• Communist and Post-communist States.
• Stalinism.
• Consolidation of Socialism in one country.
• World War II/post World War II.
• Soviet Nazi hostility.
• Momentary non-aggression pact.
• Consolidation of hold on Europe.
• Maoism.
• Chinese Revolution 1949 Consolidation of Control.
• Titoism.
• Yugoslavia early cracks in the Monolith.
• Sino-Soviet Split.
• De-Stalinization, post Cuban Missile Crisis
  Moderation in Soviet Union.
• National Liberation/Decolonization.
• Vietnam 1944-1975.
• Cuba 1956-1959.
• Eurocommunism and Red Urban Guerrilla/Terrorism.

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• Leninist Party State.
• Communist Party.
• Secretariat or Politburo.
• General Secretary (e.g. Khrushchev, Gorbachev).
• Nomenklatura.
• Graying of Communism.
• Bureaucratization and corruption of
  post-revolutionary states.
• Lindbloms discussion of thumbs.
• Rapid heavy industrialization accomplished.
• Development of consumer markets difficult.
• Challenges.
• Increasingly well educated population.
• Gradual but growing familiarization with West.
• Technological change and innovation in West.
• Cumulative impact of expensive arms race.
• Reagan arms build-up explicitly conceived to
  bankrupt Soviet economy (Star Wars).
• Afghanistan imposes war related stress
  de-legitimation of regime (US support for
  mujahideen).

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• Communist and Post-communist States.
• Signs of impending collapse.
• Poorly managed leadership succession - Brezhnev,
  Andropov, Chernenko.
• Continued quagmire in Afghanistan.
• Rise of Solidarity other political and economic
  reform movements in Eastern Europe.
• Gorbachev regime 1985-1991.
• Glasnost. Openness.
• Democratization - w/n Soviet Communist Party.
• Perestroika.
• Diplomatic initiatives, changes in national
  security doctrine.
• Negotiated settlement withdraw from Afghanistan.
• Similar reforms initiated or accelerated
  throughout Eastern Europe.
• 1989 Cascade of Collapsing Communist Regimes.
• Poland, Hungary, East Germany - Berlin Wall
  smashed.
• Largely non-violent except Romania - execution of
  Ceausescus.

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• Communist and Post-communist States.
• China.
• Perestroika (economic) without Glasnost.
• Tiananmen Square 1989 and limits of
  democratization in PRC.
• Chinese Communist Party remains sole political
  party.
• Continued unraveling of Soviet Empire.
• Perestroika unleashes forces beyond Gorbachevs
  control.
• Gorbachev becomes more reliant on hardliners.
• Attempted coup August 1991.
• Final fragmentation of Soviet Union.
• Republics declare themselves sovereign.
• Lays foundation for subsequent instability
  throughout Caucuses and Central Asia.
• Unraveling of Yugoslavia.
• 1991-2004 - 5 major wars.
• NATO intervention.
• US forces deployed in Kosovo.

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• Communist and Post-communist States.
• Remaining Communist States.
• PRC, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cuba.
• Why? 1) Parties continue to rely on security
  apparatus to contain political change 2) Less
  open to outside influence - less developed
  communist states 3) Outside of Soviet orbit.
• Difficulties of transition.
• Economic collapse and reconstruction.
• Table 8.4 of Hauss shows initial difficulties.
• Establishing Democratic Political Systems and
  Culture.
• Eastern and Central Europe Relatively successful.
• Entry of former communist states into European
  Union.
• Mixed Success in Former Soviet Union.
• Putin regime - elections but allegations of
  intimidation and return to KGB/Brezshnev era
  control.
• Contested elections in Georgia, Ukraine.
• Authoritarian rule in Central Asia.

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Thinking About Current and Former Communist
Regimes

• The Impossible Collapse of Communism
• Some remain, but most with economic reform
• Little in common with the socialism Marx and
  Engels predicted
• Unlikely that these regimes will remain Communist

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Thinking about Communism

• The Leninist State - Democratic Centralism
• Command Economies
• Key Questions
• What forces shaped the development of states and
  governments?
• How are decisions made?
• What role do average citizens play in policy
  making?
• What are the public policies?
• How could apparently powerful regimes collapse?
• What have some Communist systems survived?
• What are the political implications of economic
  reforms in Communist and former Communist
  countries?
• Why are these countries facing challenges more
  serious than industrialized democracies?

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Socialism, Marxism, Leninism

• Socialism
• Public ownership of means of production
• Substantial material equality
• Economic and political democracy
• Marxism
• Evolution of society
• Dialectics
• Historical materialism
• Revolution

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Socialism, Marxism, Leninism

• Marxism-Leninism democratic centralism
• Stalinism - totalitarianism
• Expansion
• Third International (Comintern)
• Eastern Europe
• Asia
• De-Stalinization

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The Marxist-Leninist State

• The Party State
• Secretariat
• Politburo
• General Secretary
• Cult of Personality
• Nomenklatura
• Command economy
• The Graying of Communism

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The Crisis of CommunismSuicide by Public Policy

• Reform Too Little, Too Late
• Glasnost
• Democratization
• Peristroika
• Approach to the West
• 1989 The Year That Changed the World
• The Remnants of the Communist World

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Transitions

• Economic disasters
• Relative successes East and Central Europe
• Troubled transitions The former Soviet Union
• Ethnic conflict
• Reform What's left of Marxism?

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Feedback

• Were never technologically equal to media in the
  West
• Party controlled media
• Censorship
• Western media kept out
• Loosening of controls during Gorbachev years
• Media is now open, contentious, and critical in
  former Communist states
• Cracks in the partys armor against media in
  current Communist regimes

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Thinking About Russia

• The Basics
• Diversity
• Russia and 14 other former Soviet states
• The Russian Federation is the worlds largest
  country, sixth most populous
• Most groups were forced into the Russian empire
  prior to the Communist revolution
• By 1991 each republic had declared some form of
  sovereignty or independence from central rule
• Poverty
• The Environment
• Chernobyl
• Dumped nuclear reactors from subs into the ocean
• Poor air quality
• Water pollution

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Thinking Russia

• Key Questions
• How and why did the USSR collapse?
• How has the legacy of the USSR affected Russia?
• Will Putin be able to strengthen the state?
• Will Russia become more democratic and
  legitimate?
• Can leaders strengthen institutions if the
  economy falters?
• How will Russia adapt to new global realities?

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The Evolution of the Russian State

• The Broad Sweep of Russian History
• Prelude to Revolution Russia was not what Marx
  predicted because of
• Backwardness
• Failed reform
• The weak state
• Lenin and revolution

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The Evolution of the Russian State

• Lenin and the (Wrong?) Revolution
• Stalin, Terror, and the Modernization of the
  Soviet Union
• Industrialization
• Foreign Policy
• The Purges

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The Evolution of the Russian State

• Khrushchev, Brezhnev, and the politics of decline
• The collapse of the Soviet state The Gorbachev
  Years
• The Party state
• Reform
• Glasnost
• Democratization
• Peristroika
• Foreign policy
• Crisis and collapse

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Between Dictatorship and Democracy

• Birth pangs
• Not a clean break from the old order
• Very poor economic conditions
• Ethnic conflict
• Loss of power
• Communist Party of the Russian Federation
• Shock therapy called for by the opposing end of
  the spectrum
• New constitution
• Yeltsin in political deadlock

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Between Dictatorship and Democracy

• Putin and Stability
• Yeltsins surprise resignation
• Popular
• Effective politician
• Has strengthened institutions despite lingering
  social, economic, and political problems
• In building up the power of the Kremlin and other
  parts of the central government, Putin has
  undermined important aspects of democracy, albeit
  without removing basic freedoms or eliminating
  competitive elections.

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Political Culture and Participation

• Political Culture
• Political Parties and Elections
• elections
• parties today
• United Russia
• Yaboloko
• Union of Right Forces
• Fatherland-All Russia
• Liberal Democrats
• Balance Sheet

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The Russian State

• The presidency
• The Oligarchs
• Parliament
• The bureaucracy
• The judiciary
• The federation
• The military

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Public Policy

• The Economy
• How would they shift from a centrally planned
  economy in which the state owned virtually
  everything to one based on private ownership and
  a freer market?
• How could they ensure that the fruits on these
  changes would be shared by all Russians?
• Foreign Policy
• Has been largely pragmatic adapted to status of
  middle-level power, developed reasonable
  relations with neighbors, began putting as much
  emphasis on economic as on geopolitical issues in
  foreign policy.
• Relations with the U.S.

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Feedback

• After 1991, major media in private hands, mostly
  of the oligarchs biased media
• Today, its television that counts newspaper
  circulation has plummeted
• Putin has reasserted state control over the
  central organs of the mass media after the
  oligarchs turned on him

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• Next class, November 2nd, 2006.
• Midterm exams returned.