INDV 101 Language Morphology

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INDV 101 LanguageMorphology

• Section 27
• Liu, Rong (??)
• 9/28/2007

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Language and linguistics in the news

• A U.S. study determined product names with vowel
  sounds that convey positive attributes about the
  product are deemed more favorable by consumers.
  (Source www.sciencedaily.com)
• a.nillen b. nallen
• Which one of the above is a good name for a
  convertible?
• Which is good for an SUV?

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• Researchers created fictitious brand names that
  varied only by one
• vowel sound -- for example, nillen and nallen.
• They then varied product categories between
  small, fast, sharp objects -- such as knives or
  convertibles -- and products that are large,
  slow, and dull -- such as hammers and SUVs.
• Participants chose which word they thought was a
  better brand name.
• Participants overwhelmingly preferred words with
  front vowel sounds (nillen) when the product
  category was a convertible or a knife but
  preferred words with back vowel sounds (nallen)
  when the product category was an SUV or hammer.
• "The implications of phonetic symbolism for brand
  names are relatively straightforward," said
  Lowrey and Shrum. "If sounds do convey certain
  types of meaning, then perceptions of brands may
  be enhanced when the fit between the sound
  symbolism and the product attributes is
  maximized."

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Agenda

• HW3 due now
• Prepare for Project Part 2
• Review morphology
• Return Project Part 1 after class

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Prepare for Project Part 2

• Part 2 is worth 50 points
• Due at the beginning of class Friday, October 5.
• Objectives
• Create a core lexicon (30 words) and a basic
  morphology (at least 5 morphological processes)
  for their invented language.
• Build your words using the phonemic inventory and
  syllable structure rules you proposed in part 1
  of this project.

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Reminder

• 1. Must use the phonemic inventory you outlined
  in your Project Part 1 (although you may correct
  and amend these based on the feedback you
  received).
• 2. Each word you create must be made up of
  well-formed syllables, according to your syllable
  structure rules.
• 3. Your writing system must also be consistent
  with what you have proposed before.

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• 4. Must use the template and follow the format,
  e.g., header, page numbers, etc..
• 5. Answer every question listed in the
  instruction.
• 6. Must receive a passing score from
  turnitin.com.

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Project Part 2 content

• Section one overview
• (5 points)
• The name of your invented language.
• The semantic domain on which you will focus
  your wordlist, and why. For example, you
• may want to list words concerning animal
  husbandry (because your imaginary speakers
• raise livestock), or words concerning aviation
  (because your speakers are all aviators), or
• some such.

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PP2 Section 2 Core lexicon

• (20 points)
• 1. At least 20 words or stems in your
  language as your core lexicon.
• 2. Must be monomorphemic.
• 3. Words should be written using the orthography
  you created in part 1, and in IPA.

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Section 2 cont

• 5. The notes column must state whether the
  morpheme presented in that row is
• a free morpheme or a bound morpheme
• the word class (noun, verb, adjective, adverb,
  pronoun, adposition, article)
• 6. Your table must contain at least
• 10 words or stems that primarily refer to
  objects (i.e. nouns)
• 5 words or stems that primarily refer to
  activities or states (i.e. verbs)
• 5 modifying words or stems (i.e adjectives or
  adverbs)

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SECTION 3 Grammatical Elements

• (10 points) morphemes for each of the following
  grammatical functions.
• 1st, 2nd and 3rd person pronouns (i.e. I, you,
  he/she)
• 2 different adpositional elements (i.e. in,
  toward, under or some such)
• 2 different WH-question words (i.e. who,
  what, when, where, how or why)
• 2 different articles (i.e. the/ a/ any/
  some)
• 1 copula (be)
• For any of the above that are bound morphemes,
  you must describe what type of bound morpheme
  they are (i.e. prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix).

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SECTION 4 Morphological Processes

• (10 points)
• 1.Describe several morphological processes to
  mark the required grammatical categories.
• 2. In each case, you must describe the
  morphological process, name it (i.e. suffixation,
  reduplication, compounding, etc), and give at
  least one example using the words you provided
  above.
• 3. Make sure you understand what each of these
  terms means!
• Number - (at least singular, plural - you may
  want to include other number categories such as
  dual, paucal or distributive). Note that
  number is often marked on NOUNS, but may be
  marked on VERBS, or on both.

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• Tense (at least present and non present - you
  may also want to include a past tense and/or a
  future tense) Note that tense is typically marked
  on VERBS.

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SECTION 5 Verb Paradigm

• (5 points)
• 1. a verb paradigm for one of the
• intransitive verbs
• 2. You may need to alter the table slightly
  depending on the person, number and tense
  categories youve selected to use for your
  language
• ! Please read the instructions carefully and
  answer every question.

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Review morphology

• 1.How do we classify words? Define and give
  examples. (hint two types)
• Content words (open class )
• noun, verb, adjective, adverb
• function words (closed class )
• prepositions, articles, conjunctions, etc.
• on, of, the, although, and,etc.

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• Underline function words (closed class) in the
  following sentence.
• Thus, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit
  that has a meaning or grammatical function.
• a, the, that, a, or.

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2. What is a morpheme? How is it different from a
word?

• A ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of a
  language.
• True or False
• A word can have several morphemes.
• One morpheme is always a word.

morpheme
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• Introducing Chinese writing system/words

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Chinese Alphabet?
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Are Chinese Characters Pictographs?

• 4 are pictographs (???)

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Pictographic -gt modern characters
Ear
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Pictographic -gt modern characters
Step, to walk
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Chinese characters

• 82 are phonetic complexes, or integration of
  pictograph and sound (???)
• ? (goat)
• ?(ocean)
• Answer Logographic
• How many morphemes are there in Chinese words?
• (most words are monomorphemic)
• How about ?(ocean)?Two morphemes?
• How about ?? (glass)one meaning, two characters.
  One morpheme?

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Review cont

• 3. What are the 3 different ways of classifying
  morphemes (morphological categories)? What are
  the differences? Give examples for each.

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Classification

• C1)free morphemes vs Bound morphemes
• Test Given a morpheme, can it stand alone as a
  word?
• YES          it's a free morpheme (e.g., bubble)
• NO            it's a bound morpheme (e.g., -er in
  beater, -s in oranges)

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C2)Inflectional or derivational morphemes?

• Morphemes that change the meaning or part of
  speech of a word they attach to are called _____
  morphemes.
• derivational
• The morphemes that serve a purely grammatical
  function, never creating a new word but only a
  different form of the same word, are called
  _______ morphemes.
• inflectional
• Test Does it create a new word by changing the
  meaning or part of speech or both?
• YES            it's a derivational m (e.g., re-
  in rewind, -ist in artist)
• NO             it's an inflectional m (e.g., -est
  in smartest)

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• What morphological category do the following
  features belong to?
• Person, Number, Tense
• --inflectional

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C3)stem(root) or affix?

• Test Does it have the principal meaning of the
  word it's in?
• YES            it's the stem (e.g., happy in
  unhappiness)
• NO             it's an affix (e.g., -un and -ness
  in unhappiness)

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Practice

• unhappiest
• Whats the root?
• What are the bound morphemes?
• Are they derivational or inflectional?
• What is the morphological process (to make this
  word)?

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unhappiest

• Whats the root?
• happy
• What are the bound morphemes?
• Are they derivational or inflectional?
• un- (derivational) -est (inflectional)
• What is the morphological process (to make this
  word)?
• Affixation

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Practice 2T or F

• 1. A word is the smallest linguistic unit that
  has a meaning or grammatical function.
• 2. Morphology is the study of how sounds are
  structured and how they are put together.
• 3. Morphemes that change the meaning or part of
  speech of a word they attach to are called
  inflectional morphemes.
• 4. In English, every word has at least one free
  morpheme.
• 5. The ending sounds in played and kicked belong
  to the same morpheme.