The Age of Enlightenment aka The Age of Reason - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Age of Enlightenment aka The Age of Reason

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The Age of Enlightenment aka The Age of Reason 18th Century Thought Age of Reason aka the Enlightenment 1700s Truth via rational & logical thought! – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Age of Enlightenment aka The Age of Reason


1
The Age of Enlightenment akaThe Age of Reason
  • 18th Century Thought

2
Age of Reason aka the Enlightenment
  • 1700s
  • Truth via rational logical thought!
  • Assumption Everything in the universe can be
    explained!
  • Ideas spread via coffeehouses, salons, secret
    clubs Masonic Lodge, published writings
  • Public Opinion thru common knowledge

3
Influences on the Age of Reason
4
Early Philosophes
  • Thinkers, writers, critics, reformers
  • Qs directed at the growing urban society
  • Immanuel Kant Dare to Know! Q! Think!
  • Denis Diderot gtgt Encyclopedia
  • 17 volumes of known information
  • Francois-Marie Arouet aka Voltaire
  • Jailed in Bastille gt exile in England gt travels
    Europe
  • Candide satire attacking human optimism
  • Free Speech / Religious Toleration

5
Enlightenment Religious Thought
  • Claims established religion is hindrance to
    rational thought human development
  • Against secularized Church of Old Regime
  • Deism
  • God rational, watchmaker
  • Q the Biblical narrative
  • Against Judaism (primitive)
  • Islam (fanatics)
  • Spinoza secularized Judaism... God/nature
  • Mendelsohn blend w/ Europeans while keeping
    faith toleration

6
Enlightenment Society
  • John Locke
  • Tabula Rasa experience alone makes us!
  • Humans are rational, trust them to choose wisely
  • Cesar Beccaria
  • Vs. torture capital punishment b/c it is cruel
  • Utilitarian greatest good for greatest
  • Physiocrats
  • Govt exists to protect property / farming is 1
  • Adam Smith
  • Capitalism via Invisible Hand of free market
  • Laissez-faire govt hands off economy

7
Enlightenment Politics
  • Thomas Hobbes Leviathan
  • Man is evil, needs control by strong ruler
  • Social Contract give up your rights in exchange
    for protection
  • J Locke Two Treatises on Government
  • Man is rational good, can choose well
  • Social Contract Government exists by the consent
    of the governed, bad government should be replaced

8
Enlightenment Politics
E
  • Montesquieu Spirit of the Laws
  • Constitutional Monarchy
  • Separation of powers 3 Branches of Govt
  • Legislative (Create Law)
  • Executive (Enforce Law)
  • Judicial (Interpret Law)
  • JJ Rousseau The Social Contract
  • Direct Democracy via General Will of people
  • Loyalty to community is 1
  • Man is good, but corrupted by society

J
L
9
Enlightenment Women
  • Supported Philosophes via Salons
  • Madames Geoffrin, Pompadour etc.
  • Mary Wollstonecraft Vindication of Rts
  • Education is key / Gender equality / Reform
  • Montesquieu
  • Gender equality / Traditional / Limited change
  • JJ Rousseau Emile
  • Educated but Separate spheres
  • Traditional roles / Subordinate to men

10
Enlightened Absolutism
  • Frederick the Great (Prussia)
  • Religious toleration / Merit based ennobling
  • Legal codes / Education / Reform
  • Catherine the Great (Russia)
  • Limited reform / Charter of Nobility (rights)
  • Joseph II (Austria)
  • Religious toleration / Legal reform
  • Abolished serfdom

11
Enlightenment the Arts
  • Rococo
  • Light-hearted, frivolous, pastel, light, playful
  • Hôtel gardens suggestive statuary
  • Neo-classical
  • Greek-Roman themes, topics, style

12
Poland Victim of Competition
  • Poland lacked
  • Strong monarchy
  • Natural defenses
  • Loyal nobility
  • Bureaucracy
  • Partitioned by Prussia, Russia Austria
  • Ceased to exist as a country, 1795 until 1919
  • Polish people live under others
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