Every Thing You Ever Wanted to Know About Tomatoes - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Every Thing You Ever Wanted to Know About Tomatoes

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Title: Every Thing You Ever Wanted to Know About Tomatoes


1
Every Thing You Ever Wanted to Know About Tomatoes
  • Kevin Schoessow
  • Ag Development Agent
  • Burnett, Sawyer, and Washburn Co.

2
Because of its food value, many uses, and ease of
culture, the tomato is probably the most widely
grown vegetable by the home gardener.
3
Solanaceae
Family includes
  • Tomato (Meso american)
  • Pepper (Meso american)
  • Eggplant (Asian)
  • Potato (Andean)
  • Tobacco (Meso american)
  • Petunia
  • Nightsade eastern bitter black

4
Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum
  • It is an unwholesome meat, engendering in the
    bodie many evill humors.
  • Doddoneasus 1554
  • Origin is Andes mountain region of South America
  • Domesticated in Mexico
  • Many related wild species in South America
  • Tomato is from the Nahuati language of Mexico.
  • Tomati was the name used by Native Americans

5
Lycopersicon esculentum
  • Was considered poisonous until 1700s
  • First introduced in US in 1710
  • Thomas Jefferson was one of the first to grow
    tomatoes, which were called Love Apples at the
    time
  • Related to nightshade (alkaloids)
  • Major alkaloid in tomato is tomatine High in
    foliage but little in ripe fruit

6
Are they a Fruit?
or a Vegetable?
  • Botanically it is a fruit
  • Horticulturally and legally it is a vegetable
  • They are the 2nd most important vegetable crop in
    the U.S. (the potato is 1)

7
Nutritional Aspect
  • Low in calories and protein Ranks 16th in
    vitamins, but 1 in contribution
  • Very high in Vitamin C poor mans orange
  • Carotenoids nine different
    identified Beta-carotine Lycopene

8
Beta-carotine
  • Main precursor of Vitamin A
  • Range of 2 to 10 mg/g
  • Highest amounts in some wild species
  • High B-carotine varieties for special
    markets Caro-Red 10x normal

9
Lycopene
  • Red pigment
  • Health aspects
  • 90 of lycopene comes from tomatoes
  • Most potent antioxidant among carotenoids
  • May protect against some forms of cancer
  • Absorbed better in processed products

10
Fruit Color
Carotenoid level
Low
High
Low
Lycopene level
High
11
Plant Growth Habits
  • Determinate
  • Flower clusters produced with only one or two
    leaves (nodes) between them
  • After several clusters shoot will terminate in an
    infloresence (flower cluster)
  • Tend to be smaller plants are suited for caging
    or sprawling
  • Fruit tends to ripen all at once

12
Plant Growth Habits
  • Indeterminate
  • Three to four leaves are produced between flower
    clusters
  • Shoot does not terminate in flower cluster
  • Since plants continue to elongate they are larger
    and tend to get viney if not pruned
  • Suited for staking and caging
  • Fruit ripen throughout the growing season
  • ISI Indeterminate Short Internode varieties with
    the controlled growth habit of a determinate
    with the unlimited production potential of an
    indeterminate

13
Plant Growth Habits
Determinate
Indeterminate
14
Determinate Growth Habits
15
Indeterminate Growth Habits
16
Determinate?
or
Indeterminate?
17
Roots and Leaves
  • Deep rooted, penetrates below 4 feet
  • Direct seeded develop taproot
  • Transplants develop more fibrous root
  • Compound leaves are covered with fine hairs that
    emit the characteristic tomato smell when crushed

18
Flowers
  • Individual flowers borne in clusters of 4-8
    flowers
  • Largely self-fertilized and primarily wind
    pollinated

19
Fruit
  • Depending on variety fruit may be red, yellow,
    orange, green pink, or purple
  • Shape may be oblong, round or pear
  • Under simple genetic control
  • Size ranges from lt 1 oz. to several lbs.
  • Under multi-genetic control
  • Composition is typically 5 solids (up to 12 for
    paste) and 95 water
  • Sugar/acid is prime factor in flavor
  • Low light reduces sugars

20
Vine Ripe Tomatoes?
  • Why is it that winter store bought tomatoes taste
    like cardboard?
  • Ripe tomatoes cannot be shipped long distances
  • Harvested as breakers
  • Fruit can ripen to near red if gassed with
    ethylene, but never develop full flavor

21
Breaker
  • 5-10 red

22
Growing Tomatoes
  • Site Selection
  • Cultivar Selection
  • Recommended Varieties
  • Cultural practices
  • Planting
  • Mulching and weed control
  • Staking, caging and pruning
  • Fertility
  • Diseases and Insects

23
Site Selection
  • Full Sun
  • Open to good air movement
  • Loam to Sandy Loam well drained fertile soil
  • Soil pH 5.8-7.5

24
Cultivar Selection
  • Length of growing season
  • Disease and Pest considerations
  • Type
  • Early vs. Late
  • Cherry vs. Beefstake
  • Paste vs. Slicers
  • Hybrid vs. Heirloom
  • Determinate vs. Indeterminate

25
Early Varieties
  • Typically smaller plants and smaller fruits
  • 55 to 65 day (Siberia 48 days)
  • Early Girl, New Yorker, Wayahead, Flash,
    Daybreak, First Lady, Miracle Sweet, Sunstart
  • Artic, 4th of July, Glacier

26
Main Crop
  • Widest selection
  • 70 to 100 day (Big Boy, Big Girl 78 day)
  • Better Boy, Big Beef, Beefmaster, Jet Star, Pink
    Girl, Celebrity, Floramerica, Henz 1350, Ultra
    Sweet, Campbell 1327, Husky Gold, Husky Red
  • Sun Series, Mountain Series

27
Paste or Salsa
  • Fewer selections
  • Medium size fruit (2-4 oz.)
  • 65 to 75 day (Viva Italia 72 day)
  • Roma VF, Italian Gold, Sherriff
  • Super Marzano, Aztec, Classica
  • Shasta and 5913 X 5914 two promising new
    varieties being developed by UW-Madison

28
Small Fruit
  • Cherry or Grape sized fruits
  • 60 to 75 day (Sweet 100 65 day)
  • Yellow Pear, Pixie, Small Fry, Tiny Tim, Sweet
    Million, Juliet, Gardeners Delight, Patio

29
Colored Fruit
  • Yellows, Golds, Oranges, Green Striped
  • Golden Boy, Golden Girl, Lemon Boy, Husky Gold,
    Sungold, Yellow Plum, Black Brandywine, Black
    Krim, Green Zebra, White Wonder, White Potato
    Leaf, Pineapple

30
Heirlooms
  • Family seeds that have been passed down for
    several generations through a family
  • Commercial open-pollinated varieties introduced
    before 1940
  • Created crossing two known parents and
    dehybridizing the resulting seeds for how ever
    many years/generations it takes to eliminate the
    undesirable characteristics
  • Mystery varieties that are a product of natural
    cross-pollination of other heirloom varieties

31
Heirloom
  • More lobed and undulated fruit
  • Open pollinated
  • More prone to diseases, fruit cracking
  • 75 to 110 day (Brandywine 100day)
  • Aunt Ginny, Boondocks, Prudens Purple, Striped
    German, Old German, Amish Paste, Mr. Stripey

www.heirloomtomatoes.bizland.com
32
  • Plant after last spring frost
  • Spooner last frost
  • Median May 27
  • 90 chance May 5
  • 10 chance June 14
  • Plant spacing
  • 24 to 36 inches in the row
  • 36 to 48 inches between the row

33
Trenching-in long stemmed plants
34
Mulches
Penn. State University research indicates that
tomatoes yielded slightly better on red plastic
mulch
  • Retain Moisture
  • Reduce weeds
  • Reduce blossom end rot
  • Cleaner fruit
  • Reduce rain splash

35
Pruning and StakingIndeterminates
  • Leave two main stems
  • Remove suckers between leaves and main stem
  • Remove suckers before they get 2 ½ inches long
  • Remove late season (after Sept 1) flower buds

36
Pruning and Staking
  • Advantages
  • Promotes early, larger and cleaner fruits
  • Easier to harvest
  • May help reduce disease problems
  • Disadvantages
  • Lower yields
  • Increase risk of sunscald and fruit cracking

37
Caged tomatoes
  • Little or no pruning
  • Produce more fruit
  • Later Ripening
  • Low sunscald

38
Trellis
Basket Weave
39
Fertilizing Tomatoes
Soil Test Sandy soils low organic matter 6
oz./plant 10-10-10 Heavy soils with higher
organic matter 4oz. 5-20-20 DO NOT over apply
nitrogen promotes vegetative growth
decreases fruit production increases chance of
diseases
40
Diseases of Tomatoes
  • Fungal
  • Fusarium and Verticllium Wilts
  • Early Blight
  • Septoria Leaf Blight
  • Fruit Anthracnose
  • Bacterial
  • Bacterial Spot and Speck
  • Viral
  • Cucumber Mosaic Virus

41
Fusarium and Verticillium Wilts
  • Soil borne pathogens
  • Survives in soil for several years
  • Plants generally affected through roots
  • Rotation ( at least 2-3 years)
  • Plant VF or VFN resistant varieties

42
Septoria Leaf Blight
  • Survives over winter on infected plant debris,
    and also on equipment stakes and cages
  • Spores disperse by splashing water (rain,
    irrigarion) or workers moving through wet plants
  • Favored by moist, warm weather
  • Symptoms generally appear first on lower leaves

43
Septoria Leaf Blight
  • Rotation at least 2-3 years
  • Remove and destroy infected plant debris,
    sanitize equipment
  • Mulch (plastic preferred)
  • Stake and dont over crowd plants
  • Avoid overhead irrigation
  • Irrigate in the morning
  • Apply Fungicide
  • Good coverage esp. on lower leaves
  • Apply at least weekly when weather is favorable

44
Early Blight
  • Survives in infected plant debris
  • Spores are wind dispersed
  • Infections occur first on oldest leaves
  • Rotation (at least 2-3 years)
  • Sanitation
  • Apply Fungicides

45
Fruit Antracnose
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
46
Blossom End Rot
  • Caused by insufficient calcium when fruit are
    forming
  • Result from excessive nitrogen fertilization
  • Rapid plant growth
  • Drastic fluctuations in soil moisture

47
Catface
  • Environmental disease
  • Extreme malformations and scarring
  • Effected during initial fruit development
  • Caused by cool weather during fruit set or 2,4-D
    injury

48
Tomato Hornworm Damage
Tomato Hornworm Larva
49
Tomato Hornworm Adult
  • Monitor Frequently
  • Treat if more than one larva per 2 plants
  • Bacillus thuringiensis

50
Aphids
  • Soft bodied
  • Piercing sucking mouth parts
  • Cause cupping and yellowing of leaf margins
  • Scout weekly
  • Insecticide soaps effective

51
Cutworms
  • Cut young stems near soil line
  • Active at night
  • Hide in the soil or under debris
  • May climb and chew on green fruit
  • Protect young plants with physical barrier
  • Bacillus thuringiensis on older plants

52
Installing a cutworm guard made from a paper
grocery bag at planting time
Tin cans work too
53
Publications available form
  • A1691 Home-Grown Tomatoes for WI
  • A3687 Growing Tomatoes, Peppers and Eggplant in
    WI
  • A3110 Disease-Resistant Vegetables for the Home
    Garden
  • A2606 Early Blight Septoria Leaf Spot of
    Tomatoes
  • A2617 Verticillium Fusarium Wilt of Tomatoes
  • A1653 Vegetable Cultivars and Planting Guide for
    WI
  • A2801 Growing Vegetables at Home Q A
  • A3383 Mulches for Home Gardens and Planting

Visit our Horticulture website at
www.uwex.edu/ces/wihort
54
Thank you for listening
Special thanks to Karen Delahaut, Rosemary Eiden,
Helen Harrison, Brain Hudleson, Jim Nienhuis,
Patti Nagai, Phil Pellitteri and Craig Saxe for
providing information and images for this
presentation.
Information in this presentation is for
educational purposes only. References to
commercial products or trade names is made with
the understanding that no discrimination is
intended and no endorsement by UW-Extension or
the author is implied
Barron County Master Gardener Garden Expo March
9, 2002
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