IMPLEMENTING BLUE SKY PROGRAM: THE ROLE OF NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORT IN IMPROVING AIR QUALITY IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA

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IMPLEMENTING BLUE SKY PROGRAM THE ROLE OF
NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORT IN IMPROVING AIR QUALITY
IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA

• H. Herry Zudianto1
• Dr. Danang Parikesit2

1. Former Mayor of Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2. Techni
cal Adviser to the Mayor of Yogyakarta City
Government, Lecturer at Faculty of Engineering
and Senior Researcher at the Center for
Transportation and Logistics Studies, both at
Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta Indonesia
2
Yogyakarta

• Small scale city at the Java Island, 32,50 km2
• Population 517,000, density 160 people/ha
• Main activities tourism, education, trading

3
CURRENT CONDITION OF TRANSPORTATION
Bad Image of Public Tranport

• Mixed Traffic

• Congested Roads

Air Pollution
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RESPONDING DEVELOPMENT NEEDS AND AIR QUALITY
ISSUES

• Declining small and medium business in the city
  centre revitalization of city centre through
  improved environmental condition

• Promoting new growth centers de-concentration
  of business and utilizing spatial capacity

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CLEANER MOBILITY AND URBAN REVITALIZATION

• Cleaner mobility as a result of urban development
  strategy, and not as an objective
• Created as a program package
• Public transport reform
• Revitalization of CBD
• Promotion of NMT (non-motorized transport)
• Introduction of I M scheme

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CURRENT CONDITION OF AIR QUALITY
CO
Pb (Lead)
HC
PM10
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Development of Non Motorized Transport

• The amount of non motorized transport in the city
  tends to be constant
• Rickshaws 6,000
• Horse drawn carts 79
• Bicycles users 42,987 (in 2003) dropped to
  27,569 (in 2005) ? 34.
• Compare to motorized vehicles
• 213,690 motorcycles, 31,432 cars
• The annual growth level is 8.25 for motorcycle
  and 6.65 for cars
• Mode share
• Motorcycles 53.1
• Cars 12.2
• Bus 7.8
• NMT 17.9
• Others 9

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MULTY STAKEHOLDERS INITIATIVES

• Government
• Private Sector
• Civil Society
• Media

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GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

• Provision of Regulatory
• Development of draft NMT regional regulation
• Registration Legislation of NMT (rickshaw)
• Provision of infrastructure
• Special lane, e.g. contra-flow lane (still at
  pilot stage), bicycle lane (proposed design)
• Pedestrian and NMT Facilities (pedestrian
  crossings, rickshaw rank, NMT special lane) at
  the city center (Malioboro Area)

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URBAN GREENING PROGRAM

• Creating peoples awareness on the clean and
  green environment cities should be develop for
  people, not vehicles
• Encouraging people to act together
• Creating livable urban space a place to meet,
  and a shelter for urban population
• Encourage people to walk!

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PRIVATE SECTOR AND NGOs INITIATIVES

• Pedestrianization development plan at the city
  center using Public Private Partnership (PPP)
  scheme
• Rickshaw Modernization
• New technology for less weight, more space,
  safer, more ergonomic with comparable price
• Development of rickshaw training center

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ATTRACTING PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPER CITY CENTER
REVITALIZATION

• 80s Study recognized the needs for city centre
  revitalization
• 90s SDC-funded Yogyakarta Urban Development
  Project/ Yogyakarta Urban Infrastructure
  Management Support suggesting pedestrianization
  for Malioboro street. Funding unavailability
  hampered the implementation.
• 2001 MoU between Provincial Government, City
  Government and ITDP. ITDP to provide Technical
  Assistance in developing a strategy to implement
  the pedestrianization scheme
• 2002 MoU between City Government and ICLEI Indo
  CCP
• 2003 Mayors commitment at MAPES Conference,
  Honolulu to start promoting Livable City.
• 2003 Yogyakarta received a 5 award from ICLEI
• 2004 Physical construction started using staged
  development strategy
• 2005 Physical construction continues
• 2005-2006 GoI/WB Technical Assistance support
  for private sector participation scheme

Mayor Herry received an environmental achievement
award during MAPES 2003
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CIVIL SOCIETY AND MEDIA INITIATIVES

• University and ITDP supported rickshaw
  modernization
• The establishment of Tourism Becak Association
  (in 2002) with 800 members of rickshaw drivers
• The establishment of Jogjakarta Onthel Community
  (JOC), 2002 300 members, to promote the use of
  bicycle in the city
• Promotion of NMT use through electronic and
  printed media i.e radio talkshow, bulletins
• Mayor and Ministers to pedal modern rickshaw
• Green bike program connecting major campuses in
  Yogyakarta

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PROGRESS OF THE AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT (1)

• In 2002, only 5 (five) locations of which 4
  (four) ambient air quality parameters were
  monitored, namely CO, HC, SO2, and Pb.
• In 2005, 33 (thirty three) locations were
  monitored and 7 (seven) air quality data (CO, HC,
  SO2, Pb, TSP, NOx, PM10) were collected.
• The increase in the number of locations and
  parameters of ambient air quality surveyed has
  given the policy makers a better comprehension on
  the nature of the problems and its impacts.

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PROGRESS OF THE AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT (2)

• In most congested streets, concentration of HC
  and PM10 has exceeded ambient standards.
• Currently, economic impact and health impact
  associated with energy efficiency and PM10 and Pb
  and productivity loss (due to respiratory
  sickness) costs city residents 8 - 10 of the
  citys GDP
• Between 2002 and 2005, the ambient air quality
  has been either stable or improved except in some
  highly congested road network. In the city centre
  the concentration of HC is stable despite rapid
  motorization experienced by the city.

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AIR QUALITY CONDITION
CO 10,733 µg/m3 HC 269.7 µg/m3 SO2 15.2
µg/m3 Pb 0.995 µg/m3 PM10 131.3 µg/m3 NO2
31.87 µg/m3
CO 20,145 µg/m3 HC 753.25 µg/m3 SO2 18.6
µg/m3 Pb 1.31 µg/m3
CO 17,830 µg/m3 HC 447.2 µg/m3 SO2 14.81
µg/m3 Pb 1.3 µg/m3
Malioboro 1st Stage
Malioboro 2nd Stage
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
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LESSONS LEARNED

• Taking the first step!
• Technically and socially acceptable proposal (may
  not be the 1st best option)
• Creation of government technical team and
  improvement of in-house technical capacity
• Identification of key stakeholders and social
  marketing
• Communicating government proposal
• Managing trust
• Mitigating project risks
• Starting with manageable project
• Technical and management capability
• Financial capacity
• Working with NGO and Private Sector Government
  can not work alone

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Thank you

• www.jogja.go.id