Circulatory System Blood Chapter 18, pg 679

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Circulatory System BloodChapter 18, pg 679

• Blood clot showing Red blood cells in a fibrin
  mesh

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(No Transcript)
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The basics, functions and properties

• People have 4-6 L of blood
• Two components include
• Plasma clear fluid
• Cells Platelets
• Erythrocytes (RBCs)
• Leukocytes (WBCs)
• Centrifuging blood separates the two parts
• RBCs make up 45 of volume, a number called the
  hematocrit
• RBCs make blood 4xs as viscous as water

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Blood Components

• This test tube shows the components of blood in
  their relative ratios. It shows a hematocrit of
  45. The RBC layer together with the "buffy coat"
  layer make up 45 of the total volume of
  centrifuged blood (4.5 m. out of 10 ml).
• hematocrit of a normal adult male
  47 adult female 42

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Plasma

• Serum Like plasma but, without clotting proteins
• Proteins of Plasma
• Albumins smallest most abundant
• Regulates osmotic pressure
• Globulins alpha, beta, and gamma
• make up antibodies
• Fibrogen allows clotting
• Nitrogenous wastes in plasma (urea) are excreted
  in the kidneys

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Erythrocytes (RBCs)

• O2 CO2 carrier
• Determine bloodtype
• Need to be resilient to get through capillaries
• Hemoglobins make up 33 of the cytoplasm
• Nucleus is lost during cell formation

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Qualities of Erythrocytes

• RBC count (Hematocrit) tells how much O2 blood
  carries
• Why women have lower hematocrits
• Androgens stimulate RBC production
• Menstrual loss
• Inverse proportion to body fat
• Males also clot faster.
• What evolutionary significance might this have?

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Erythrocyte Disorders

• Polycythemia Excess RBC
• Anemia RBC Shortage
• Sickle Cell 1.3 of African Americans
• Symptoms aches in joints from clogged
  capillaries, some associated symptoms can be fatal

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Blood Types

• Antigens on RBC surface allow antibodies to
  recognize what is and what is not us
• ABO blood group is a multiple allele explanation
  of blood types

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The ABO Blood grizzoup
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Blood Compatibility

• Agglutination happens when antibodies attack
  foreign RBCs
• AB is called the universal recipient because it
  has no RBC antibodies
• But the donors Antibodies can attack the
  recipients
• Also one of the rarer blood types
• O is the universal donor

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Rh Groups

• Named for Rhesus Monkey
• 3 genes, C, D, and E, each with two alleles
• DD, or Dd have D antigens on RBCs,
• Classified as Rh
• Rh- lack D antigens
• Combined with ABO group to get Blood types like A
  positive or B negative

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Rh Transfusion problems

• If Rh- person recieves Rh blood
• First one is okay, the body hasnt made any
  Anti-D antibodies
• Second one can cause problems
• With fetuses with different Rh groups
• The pregnancy is fine as long as there is no
  tearing of the placenta
• Then the baby might be born with Hemolytic
  disease of the new born (HDN), a type of anemia

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Other Blood groups

• 100 others, and 500 antigens
• MN, Duffy, Kell, Kidd, and Lewis groups
• Rarely cause transfusion problems
• Useful in paternity cases

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Leukocytes

• White blood cells
• Have nuclei
• Different types are noted by shape of nucleus
• Grainy appearance when stained

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WBCs

• Neutrophils
• Make up the largest of WBCs
• Releases antimicrobial chemicals
• A high count is a sign of bacterial infection
• Lymphocytes
• About 1/3 of WBCs
• Fights foreign bodies
• Secretes antibodies

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Leukemia

• Leukemia is cancer of the blood cells.
• body produces large numbers of abnormal WBCs
• Symptoms
• Fever, chills and other flu-like symptoms
• Weakness and fatigue
• Loss of appetite and/or weight
• Swollen or tender lymph nodes, liver or spleen
• Easy bleeding or bruising
• Tiny red spots (called petechiae) under the skin
• Swollen or bleeding gums
• Sweating, especially at night
• Bone or joint pain
• Treatments
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Antibody therapy
• Bone Marrow Transplants
• Also a feline variant