Nanocarbon: Properties and Applications

1
NanocarbonProperties and Applications

• Trial lecture
• 1-17-2004
• Kai de Lange Kristiansen

2
Nano
Introduction
100
10-9
10-6
10-3
103
106
109
m

• Size 10-9 m (1 nanometer)
• Border to quantum mechanics
• Form
• ? Emergent behavior

3
Carbon
Introduction

• Melting point 3500oC
• Atomic radius 0.077 nm
• Basis in all organic componds
• 10 mill. carbon componds

4
Nanocarbon
Introduction

• Fullerene
• Tubes
• Cones
• Carbon black
• Horns
• Rods
• Foams
• Nanodiamonds

5
Nanocarbon
Introduction

• Fullerene
• Tubes
• Cones
• Carbon black
• Horns
• Rods
• Foams
• Nanodiamonds

6
Nanocarbon
Introduction

• Fullerene
• Tubes
• Cones
• Carbon black

• Properties Application
• Electrical
• Mechanical
• Thermal
• Storage

7
Bonding
Properties
Graphite sp2
Diamond sp3
8
Nanocarbon
Properties
Shenderova et al. Nanotechnology 12 (2001) 191.
9
Nanocarbon
Properties
6 6 pentagons
1 5 pentagons
12 pentagons
10
Fullerene
Properties

• The most symmetrical large molecule
• Discovered in 1985
• - Nobel prize Chemistry 1996, Curl, Kroto,
  and Smalley

• C60, also 70, 76 and 84.
• - 32 facets (12 pentagons and 20 hexagons)
• - prototype

Epcot center, Paris
1 nm
Architect R. Buckminster Fuller
11
Fullerene
Properties

• Symmetric shape
• ? lubricant
• Large surface area
• ? catalyst

12
Fullerene
Properties

• Symmetric shape
• ? lubricant
• Large surface area
• ? catalyst
• High temperature (500oC)
• High pressure

13
Fullerene
Properties

• Symmetric shape
• ? lubricant
• Large surface area
• ? catalyst
• High temperature (500oC)
• High pressure
• Hollow
• ? caging particles

14
Fullerene
Properties

• Symmetric shape
• ? lubricant
• Large surface area
• ? catalyst
• High temperature (500oC)
• High pressure
• Hollow
• ? caging particles
• Ferromagnet?
• - polymerized C60
• - up to 220oC

15
Fullerene
Properties

• Chemically stable as graphite
• - most reactive at pentagons
• Crystal by weak van der Waals force

Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7the
ed. 1996.
16
Fullerene
Properties

• Chemically stable as graphite
• - most reactive at pentagons
• Crystal by weak van der Waals force
• Superconductivity
• - K3C60 19.2 K
• - RbCs2C60 33 K

Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7the
ed. 1996.
17
Nanotube
Properties

• Discovered 1991, Iijima

Roll-up vector
18
Nanotube
Properties

• Discovered 1991, Iijima

Roll-up vector
19
Nanotube
Properties

• Electrical conductanse depending on helicity

If
, then metallic
else semiconductor
20
Nanotube
Properties

• Electrical conductanse depending on helicity

If
, then metallic
else semiconductor

• Current capacity
• Carbon nanotube 1 GAmps / cm2
• Copper wire 1 MAmps / cm2
• Heat transmission
• Comparable to pure diamond (3320 W / m.K)
• Temperature stability
• Carbon nanotube 750 oC (in
  air)
• Metal wires in microchips 600 1000 oC
• Caging
• May change electrical properties
• ? sensor

21
Nanotube
Properties
High aspect ratio
Length typical few µm
? quasi 1D solid
Diameter as low as 1 nm
22
Nanotube
Properties
High aspect ratio
Length typical few µm
? quasi 1D solid
Diameter as low as 1 nm
SWCNT 1.9 nm
Zheng et al. Nature Materials 3 (2004) 673.
23
Nanotubes
Properties
Carbon nanotubes are the strongest ever known
material.

• Young Modulus (stiffness)
• Carbon nanotubes 1250 GPa
• Carbon fibers 425 GPa (max.)
• High strength steel 200 GPa

• Tensile strength (breaking strength)
• Carbon nanotubes 11- 63 GPa
• Carbon fibers 3.5 - 6 GPa
• High strength steel 2 GPa

• Elongation to failure 20-30
• Density
• Carbon nanotube (SW) 1.33 1.40 gram / cm3
• Aluminium
  2.7 gram / cm3

24
Properties
Mechanical

• Carbon nanotubes are very flexible

http//www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/gallery.html
25
Cones
Properties

• Discovered 1994 (closed form) Ge Sattler
• 1997 (open form) Ebbesen et
  al.

Li et al. Nature 407 (2000) 409.

• Closed same shape as HIV capsid
• Possible scale-up production (open form)
• Storage?
• ? Hydrogen

19.2 o
38.9 o
60.0 o
84.6 o
112.9 o
Scale bar 200 nm
Krishnan, Ebbesen et al. Nature 388 (2001) 241.
26
Carbon black
Properties

• Large industry
• - mill. tons each year
• Tires, black pigments, plastics, dry-cell
  batteries, UV-protection etc.
• Size 10 400 nm

27
Writing
Application
C60 1000x better resolution than ink (Xerox)
Carbon graphite
28
CNT / polymer composite
Application

• Current technology
• - carbon black
• - 10 15 wt loading
• - loss of mechanical properties
• CNT composites
• - 0.1 1 wt loading
• - low perculation treshold

29
CNT / polymer composite
Application

• Transparent electrical conductor
• - Thickness 50 150 nm
• - High flexibility

Wu et al. Science 305 (2004) 1273.
30
Electric devices
Application
31
Transistor
Application

• Semiconductor, Si-based
• - Nobel prize 1956, Shockley, Bardeen, and
  Brattain.
• - 2000, Kilby.

• Vacuum tubes
• - Nobel prize 1906, Thomson.

                      
IBM, 1952.
32
Transistor
Application

• SWCNT
• - 2.6 GHz, T 4 K
• - Logical gates

Collector
Emitter
Base
Bachtold, Dekker et al. Science 294 (2001) 1317.
Li et al. Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 753.
33
Antenna
Application
34
Antenna
Application

• Dipole

Radio wave
3/4 m
35
Antenna
Application

• Dipole

Radio wave
3/4 m

• Nanotube

Optical wave
L
Dekker, Phys. Today May (1999) 22
36
Flat screen displays
Application
Plasma TV
37
Flat screen displays
Application

• Field emission

Saito et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1998) L346.
38
Atomic Force Microscopy
Application
39
Atomic Force Microscopy
Application
Eldrid Svåsand, IFE, Kjeller
40
Atomic force microscopy
Application

• Tube or cone
• Chemical probe

Wong, Lieber et al. Nature 394 (1998) 52.
41
Yarn
Application
Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman, Science 306 (2004)
1358.
42
Yarn
Application

• MWCNT
• Operational -196oC lt T lt 450oC
• Electrical conducting
• Toughness comparable to Kevlar
• No rapture in knot

Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman, Science 306 (2004)
1358.
43
Hydrogen storage
Application
2 H2(g) O2(g) ? 2 H2O (l) energy
H2 (200 bar)
H2 (liquid)
LaNi5H6
Mg2NiH
3.16 wt
1.37 wt
Schlapbach Züttel, Nature 414 (2001) 353
44
Hydrogen storage
Application

• Aim 5 - 7 wt H2
• SWCNT
• - Dillon et al. (1997) 8 wt
  (questionable)
• - Tarasov et al. (2003) 2.4 wt reversible,
  25 bar H2, -150oC.
• Cones
• - Mealand Skjeltorp, (2001) US Patent
  6,290,753

Eldrid Svåsand, IFE Kjeller
45
Warnings
Conclusion

• Environment and health
• No scale-up production of fullerenes and tubes
• No scale-up design, yet.

46
Conclusion
Conclusion

• Nanocarbon
• - fullerene - most symmetrical
• - tubes - strongest
• - cones - one of the sharpest
• - carbon black - large production
• Properties
• - electrical, mechanical, thermal, storage,
  caging
• Applications
• - antenna, composite, writing, field
  emission, transistor, yarn, microscopy, storage

47
Commercial

• Companies 20 worldwide
• - Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. (CNI)
• - SES Research
• - n-Tec
• Prices
• - Tubes pure SWCNT 500 / gram (CNI)
• MWCNT 20-50 / gram (n-Tec)
• - C60 pure 100-200 / gram (SES
  Research)
• - Cones Multi 1 / gram (n-Tec)
• - Gold 10 / gram

48
Acknowledgements

• Foothill College gratefully acknowledges the
  generous contribution of this lecture to our
  course by Kai de Lange Kristiansen, Physics
  Department, the University of Oslo Norway
• This lecture may be viewed by students of ENGR76,
  but may not be distributed further
• http//www.fys.uio.no/kaidk/
• k.d.l.kristiansen_at_fys.uio.no