ANATOMY

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ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY 241

• Study of the Human Body

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ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY

• ANATOMY
• structure
• how form structure relate to each other
• PHYSIOLOGY
• how anatomy functions
• Structure determines Function
• complementarity of structure function

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WAYS TO STUDY ANATOMY

• Microscopic
• Cytology
• Study of cells
• Histology
• Study of tissues
• Gross
• Surface
• Regional
• Systemic
• Developmental

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Levels of Organization
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• Chemical or Molecular
• Atoms?molecules
• Cellular
• basic unit of structure and function in living
  things
• makes up organelles
• Tissue Level
• cells of similar structure function working
  together to perform a specific activity4 basic
  types connective, epithelial, muscle and nerve

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• Organ Level
• tissues working together to perform a specific
  activity
• Examples - heart, brain, skin, etc.
• Organ Systems Level groups of two or more
  tissues working together to perform a specific
  function11 organ systems - circulatory,
  digestive, endocrine, urinary,
  immune(lymphatic), integumentary, muscular,
  nervous, reproductive, respiratory skeletal
• Organism Levelentire living things that can
  carry out all basic life processes-usually made
  up of organ systems
• An organism may be made of one cell

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Basic Life Processes

• Organisms share 6 basic life processes
• 1. Metabolism
• 2. Responsiveness
• 3. Movement
• 4. Differentiation
• 5. Growth
• 6. Reproduction

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Metabolism

• sum of all chemical processes that take place in
  the body
• Catabolism
• larger macromolecules are broken down into
  smaller subunits or monomers
• Anabolism
• larger macromolecules are formed from smaller
  submits.

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Responsiveness

• ability to detect respond to changes

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Movement
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Differentiation

• ability of cells to develop from an unspecialized
  cell into a specialized cell

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Growth

• a way to increase in size

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Reproduction

• making a whole new organism
• Cells able to divide and make new cells for
• Growth
• replacement

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Homeostasis

• organ systems are interdependent
• share same environment
• composition effects all inhabitants
• internal environment must be kept stable
• maintaining stable internal environments-homeostas
  is
• dynamic equilibrium

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Homeostasis

• varies around a Set Point
• average value for a variable
• specific for each individual
• determined by genetics
• normal ranges for a species
• temperature 36.7 37.2

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HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION

• Autoregulation
• cells, tissues, organs adjust automatically to
  environmental changes
• Extrinsic Regulation
• Nervous System
• Fast
• Short lasting
• Crisis management
• Endocrine System
• Longer to react
• Longer lasting

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Parts of Homeostatic Regulation

• Receptor
• sensitive to environmental change or stimuli
• Control or Integration Center
• receives processes information supplied by
  receptor
• determines set point
• Effector
• cell or organ which responds to commands of
  control center

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HOMEOSTASIS
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FEEDBACK LOOPS

• Negative Feedback
• output of system shuts off or reduces intensity
  of initiating stimulus
• most often seen in the body
• Positive Feedback
• initial stimulus produces a response that
  exaggerates or enhances its effect
• blood clotting child birth

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Negative Feedback
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Negative Feedback Loop