The Origins of American Politics

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The Origins of American Politics
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Liberty vs. Order
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Overview

• The first political parties arose because of a
  disagreement over the role of government.
• Federalists
• Trusted the government more than the passions of
  the people.
• Key Figures--Washington and Hamilton
• Followers of Jefferson (Jeffersonian Republicans)
  
• Trusted the people more than a big government.
• Jefferson and Madison

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George Washington
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Alexander Hamilton
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James Madison
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Hamiltons Policy (Sec. of Treasury)

• Supported strong government
• Pushed for formation of a national bank and
  assumption of state debt acquired in the
  revolution.
• Proposed taxes to pay off the debt.
• Believed if the US Government had debt, the world
  would have an interest in its survival.
• Favored a loose construction of the Const.

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Thomas Jefferson

• Had more faith in people than in government.
• Believed in a strict construction of the
  Constitution.
• 1793 He resigned b/c of his opposition to
  Hamiltons policies which he saw as an assault on
  liberty.

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Thomas Jefferson
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Other Points of Contention

• French Revolution
• Federalists saw it as a democratic revolution
  gone wrong.
• Jeffersons supporters saw it as an extension of
  the American Revolution.
• Whiskey Rebellion
• 1794 Opponents of the whiskey tax in Pennsylvania
  closed courts and attacked tax collectors

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• Washington sent General Harry Lee and Hamilton
  with an army of 12,000 men to Pennsylvania.
• The rebellion dissolved
• This demonstrated to the world the power of the
  US government.
• Jeffersons followers saw it as government
  overstepping its authority.

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General Harry Lee
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Jays Treaty

• Britain and France had been at war.
• 1793 Washington had declared neutrality
• 1794 Washington and Hamilton believed US should
  side with Great Britain.
• John Jay negotiated a treaty in which
• Britain agreed to leave the Northwest Territory.
• Both agreed to expand trade.

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John Jay
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• The treaty failed to stop the British from
  boarding US ships on the high seas.
• Many Americans, including Jefferson, opposed it.

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Jeffersonian Republicans

• 1793 Men began to form democratic societies to
  oppose the Federalists.
• These groups supported Jefferson and his ideals.

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Election of 1796

• Washington did not seek a third term.
• John Adams ran as a federalist against Thomas
  Jefferson.
• John Adams was elected President and Thomas
  Jefferson was elected Vice President.

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The Federalist Course

• The Adams Administration
• The XYZ Affair
• France had been angry about Jays Treaty.
• Adams sent ambassadors to negotiate with France.
• They were met by 3 French agents X, Y, and Z
  who demanded a bribe of 250,000 and a loan of
  10 million before they could see the French
  Foreign minister.
• This was commonly done in Europe.
• Outraged, the diplomats returned home and
  problems b/w US and France continued.

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Alien and Sedition Acts

• Federalists pushed the acts through Congress
• Alien Act
• Gave the President the right to imprison or
  deport citizens of other countries residing in
  the US.
• Sedition Act
• Made it against the law to criticize government
  or its officials unless you could prove all you
  said.
• Federalists used it to silence Republicans.

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The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Jefferson, James Madison and other Republicans
  believed the Sedition Act violated freedom of
  speech.
• They believed states had the right to determine
  if a law was constitutional.
• The VA and KY Resolutions stated they had the
  right to nullify a law that was
  unconstitutional.
• Neither state enforced the resolutions, but both
  remained defiant

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Election of 1800The Spirit of 1776 vs. the
Spirit of 1787

• Tensions between the parties continued to rise in
  the late 1790s.
• Many believed the future of the Republic hinged
  on the election.
• John Adams and Thomas Jefferson ran.
• Neither won a majority in the electoral college
• Jefferson won when the vote went to the House of
  Representatives.

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Electoral Votes for the Election of 1800
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The Peaceful Transfer of Power

• To the shock of the world, the Federalists handed
  over power to the Jeffersonian Republicans.

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Jeffersons Administration
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Reversing Federalist Policies

• Less like a King
• Refused to give speeches before Congress
• Asked to be called Mr. President
• Reduced Taxes
• Cut the size of Government
• Cut the size of the Army
• Was easily reelected in 1804

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Hamilton v. Burr

• Both were rivals of Jefferson
• Summer 1804 Burr killed Hamilton in a duel.

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Aaron Burr
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Judicial Review

• John Marshall was Chief Justice of the Supreme
  Court.
• Marbury V. Madison
• President Adams had appointed William Marbury
  Justice of the Peace for D.C.
• Secretary of State Madison, under Jeffersons
  orders refused to deliver the papers giving
  Marbury his authority.

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John Marshall
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William Marbury
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• Marbury sued Madison and asked the court to order
  him to deliver the papers (as allowed by the
  Judicial act of 1789).
• Marshall ruled against Marbury saying it was
  against the Constitution for him to give this
  order to the Executive branch.
• This established Judicial Review--courts
  determine constitutionality.

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Louisiana Purchase

• Land Act of 1800 had established the process by
  which territories could become states.
• 1803 Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to buy
  New Orleans from Napoleon
• Napoleon refused and offered to sell all French
  lands known as Louisiana.
• Monroe offered 15 million and Napoleon accepted.

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James Monroe
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Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Jefferson sent his secretary Meriwether Lewis to
  lead an expedition into the LA Territory.
• Lewis chose William Clark as his companion.
• Goals
• Search for river routs to the Pacific
• Contact Native Americans
• Gather info about natural resources.

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Meriwether Lewis
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William Clark
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• Succeeded with the help of a French-Canadian fur
  trapper and his wife Sacajawea.

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Foreign Policy

• Jays Treaty expired in 1805.
• 1807 Britain attacked the USS Chesapeake and
  boarded it.
• Jefferson responded with an embargo of all
  foreign goods.
• This made him very unpopular at the end of his
  second term.

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Natives React to the Growing Republic
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Natives Responses

• Responded in four general ways
• Accepted white culture
• Blended Indian and American Cultures
• Returned to Indian Traditions
• Took military action.

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Indians Attack

• Battle of Tippecanoe
• Indiana Territory Gov. William H. Harrison led
  troops to respond to a threat from Chief
  Tecumseh.
• Harrison won and became a national hero.
• Indians continued to attack settlements.
• Many began to believe the British were
  encouraging and equipping the Indians.

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William Henry Harrison
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The War of 1812
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Prelude to War

• President Madison argued that the British had
  equipped and encouraged the Indians to attack the
  US.
• The British were still practicing impressments of
  US citizens.
• June 1812 Congress agreed with Madison and
  declared war.

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Course of the War

• Land
• The US decided to invade Canada, and did so
  unsuccessfully.
• The Americans did win some battles during the war
  but were largely unsuccessful.
• Battle of Thames led by William Henry Harrison
• Battle of Horseshoe Bend against the Creek led by
  Andrew Jackson.

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• Sea
• Initially the US was successful.
• In time, the superior British Navy tooke its
  toll.
• The British Blockade of the US coast crippled the
  US Navy and the US economy.
• British Burn Washington
• 1814--When the British ended their war with
  France they turned all their attention to the US.
• In August the British invaded Washington and
  burned the city.

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• The British then advanced on Baltimore and
  bombarded Fort McHenry, but the Americans managed
  to hold out. (Francis Scott Key watched from the
  distance and in the morning penned the poem
  titled, The Star Spangled Banner.

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Francis Scott Key
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The War Ends

• Treaty of Ghent
• Both sides began to see tha the war was
  pointless.
• December 24, 1814, both sides signed the Treaty
  of Ghent ending the war.

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The Battle of New Orleans

• December 23, 1814--A British force of 11,000
  tried to take the city of New Orleans.
• Andrew Jackson led a force of 4,500 to defend the
  city.
• Jackson won with only 21 casualties. The British
  suffered 2,036 casualties.
• Jackson became a national hero.

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Missouri Compromise

• Controversy arose over Missouris admission to
  the union as a state.
• Northern states wanted MO to be a free state.
  Southern states wanted it to be a slave state.
• The Compromise
• MO was admitted as a slave state and Maine was
  carved out of Massachusetts as a free state.
• All states above 36 36 N Lat. would be a free
  state