Energy and Waste Chapters 15, 16, and 22 Living in the Environment, 11th Edition, Miller

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Renewable EnergyLiving in the Environment
Advanced Placement Environmental Science La
Canada High School Dr. E
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Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind
Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
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Energy Efficiency

• Increasing energy efficiency of common devices
  has economic and environmental advantages
• Reducing oil imports
• Prolonging fossil fuel supplies
• Reducing pollution and environmental degradation
• Saving money
• Buys time to develop new technology
• Creating jobs

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Efficiency of Some Common Devices

• Device Efficiency ()
• Dry-cell flashlight battery 90
• Home gas furnace 85
• Storage battery 70
• Home oil furnace 65
• Small electric motor 62
• Steam power plant 38
• Diesel engine 38
• High-intensity lamp 32
• Automobile engine 25
• Fluorescent lamp 22
• Incandescent lamp 4

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Energy Efficiency
percentage of energy input that does useful work
in an energy conversion system
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Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency

• Between 1985 and 2001, the average fuel
  efficiency for new motor vehicles sold in the
  United States leveled off or declined
• Fuel-efficient models account for only a tiny
  fraction of car sales
• Hybrid-electric cars are now available and sales
  are expected to increase
• Fuel-cell cars that burn hydrogen fuel will be
  available within a few years
• Electric scooters and electric bicycles are
  short-range transportation alternatives

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Energy use of various types of transportation
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Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency

• Superinsulated house is more expensive than a
  conventional house, but energy savings pay back
  the extra cost
• Strawbale houses have the additional advantage of
  using an annually renewable agricultural residue,
  thus slowing deforestation

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Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency

• Existing homes can be made more energy efficient
• adding insulation
• plugging leaks
• installing energy-saving windows
• wrapping water heaters
• installing tankless models
• buying energy-efficient appliances and lights

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Natural Gas or Electricity

• Water heater
• Electricity is produced at power plant via gas or
  coal and transferred via wire to your home
• Some energy is lost over the wire,

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Water Heater

• Tank
• Water is heated 365/24/7
• Because heat is lost through the flue and the
  walls of the storage tank (this is called standby
  heat loss), energy is consumed even when no hot
  water is being used.

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Water Heater

• Tankless
• The energy consumption of these units is
  generally lower since standby losses from the
  storage tank are eliminated.
• Demand water heaters with enough capacity to meet
  household needs are gas- or propane-fired.
• http//www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwater.htm

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Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind
Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability
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Solar Energy

• Buildings can be heated
• passive solar heating system
• active solar heating system
• Solar thermal systems are new technologies that
  collect and transform solar energy into heat that
  can be used directly or converted to electricity
• Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy directly
  into electricity

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Suitability of Solar Usage
best when more than 60 of daylight hours sunny
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Solar Heating
Passive system Absorbs stores heat from the
sun directly within a structure
Active system Collectors absorb solar energy, a
pump supplies part of abuildings heating or water
heating needs.
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Solar Domestic Hot Water (SDHW)

• An open circuit hot water system heats the
  domestic water directly on the roof of the
  building
• The water flows from the heat collector into the
  hot water tank to be used in the house
• Integration of solar energy conservation in homes
  can reduce energy consumption by 75-90.
• www.iea-shc.org

www.earlham.edu/parkero/Seminar/
SOLAR20AMERICA5B15D.ppt
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Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells
Provides electricity for buildings
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Inside the PV cell

• PV cells are made from silicon alloys
• PV module
• 1cm by 10cm cells
• 36 cells connected

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Solar Thermal Techniques
Solar Two
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Heliostats

• Heliostats provide concentrated sunlight to the
  power tower
• The reflecting mirrors follow the sun along its
  daily trajectory

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Power Tower

• Sunlight from mirrors are reflected to fixed
  receiver in power tower
• Fluid transfers the absorbed solar heat into the
  power block
• Used to heat a steam generator

Solar One
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Solar-Hydrogen Revolution

• Splitting water can produce H2 gas
• If scientists and engineers can learn how to use
  forms of solar energy to decompose water cheaply,
  they will set in motion a solar-hydrogen
  revolution
• Hydrogen-powered fuel cells could power vehicles
  and appliances

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Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind
Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
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History of Hydroelectric

• B.C. - Used by the Greeks to turn water wheels
  for grinding wheat into flour, more than 2,000
  years ago
• 1775 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers founded, with
  establishment of Chief Engineer for the
  Continental Army
• 1880 - Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and
  Power Company, generating electricity by dynamo,
  belted to a water turbine at the Wolverine Chair
  Factory, lit up 16 brush-arc lamps.

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
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History of Hydroelectric

• By 1940 - 40 of electrical generation was
  hydropower
• Between 1921 and 1940 - conventional capacity in
  the U.S. tripled almost tripled again between
  1940 and 1980
• Currently - about 10 of U.S. electricity comes
  from hydropower.

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hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
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hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
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Turbine Technologies

• Reaction
• fully immersed in fluid
• shape of blades produces rotation

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hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
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Tidal Power Plant
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Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind
Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability
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Rotary Windmill
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Vertical Blades
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Energy from Wind

• Production of electricity and hydrogen gas by
  wind farms is expected to increase
• Western Europe currently leads in the development
  of wind power
• Land used for wind farms also can be used for
  ranching or crops and most profits stay in local
  communities
• North Dakota

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Optimization

• Low Torque Rapid Speed
• good for electrical generation
• High Torque Slow Speed
• good for pumping water
• Small generator
• low wind speeds
• captures small amount of energy
• Large generator
• high wind speeds
• may not turn at low speeds

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Source American Wind Energy Association
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt
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Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind
Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
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Energy from Biomass

• In the developing world, most people heat homes
  and cook by burning wood or charcoal
• Plant materials and animal wastes also can be
  converted into biofuels,
• Biogas
• Liquid ethanol
• Liquid methanol
• Urban wastes can be burned in incinerators to
  produce electricity and heat

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Types of Biomass Fuel
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Biorefinery

• Fuels
• Ethanol
• Renewable Diesel
• Methanol
• Hydrogen
• Electricity
• Heat
• Products
• Plastics
• Foams
• Solvents
• Coatings
• Chemical Intermediates
• Phenolics
• Adhesives
• Fatty acids
• Acetic Acid
• Carbon black
• Paints

Conversion Processes

• Biomass
• Feedstock
• Trees
• Forest Residues
• Grasses
• Agricultural Crops
• Agricultural Residues
• Animal Wastes
• Municipal Solid Waste

• Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation
• Enzymatic Fermentation
• - Gas/liquid Fermentation
• - Thermochemical Processes
• - Gasification/Pyrolysis
• - Combustion
• - Co-firing

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www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
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Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind
Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
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Geothermal Energy

• Geothermal energy can be used to heat buildings
  and to produce electricity
• Geothermal reservoirs can be depleted if heat is
  removed faster than natural processes renew it,
  but the potential supply is vast

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Technology

• Geothermal Heat Pumps
• shallow ground energy
• Direct-Use
• hot water can be piped to facilities
• Power Plants
• steam and hot water drive turbines
• dry steam plants
• flash steam plants
• binary cycle plants

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
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Dry Steam Power Plants

• Hydrothermal fluids are primarily steam
• Steam goes directly to turbine
• No fossil fuels

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
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Flash Steam Power Plant

• Fluids above 200 degrees Celsius
• Fluid is sprayed into tank at lower pressure
• Fluid rapidly vaporizes
• Steam drives turbine

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
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Binary Cycle Power Plant

• Cooler water (below 200 degrees Celsius)
• Hot thermal fluid and a second fluid pass through
  heat exchanger

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
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Heat Mining

• Last week the Massachusetts Institute of
  Technology released a study concluding that heat
  mining could generate enough energy by 2050 to
  replace the coal-fired and nuclear power plants
  that are likely to be retired over the next
  several decades.
• Boston Globe Gareth Cook, Globe Staff    January
  29, 2007 _at_ http//www.boston.com/news/globe/health
  _science/articles/2007/01/29/the_power_of_rocks/

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• At present the DHM project and drilling
  activities are financed by the Swiss Federal
  Office of Energy (SFOE), the canton of the city
  of Basel, the water and energy public utilities
  of Basel (IWB), a power company (Elektra Basel
  Land), and a private foundation (G.H. Endress)
  http//www.geothermie.de/iganews/no45/the_swiss_de
  ep_heat.htm

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Benefits

• Clean Energy
• one sixth of carbon dioxide vs. natural gas
• very little if any nitrous oxide or sulfur
  compounds
• Availability
• 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
• Homegrown
• Renewable

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
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Environmental Effects

• Only emission is steam
• Salts and dissolved minerals reinjected
• Some sludge produced
• Mineral extraction
• Little Visual Impact
• Small acreage, no fuel storage facilities

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
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Location

• Hot geothermal fluid
• Low mineral and gas content
• Shallow aquifers
• Producing and reinjecting the fluid
• Private land
• Simplifies permit process
• Proximity to transmission lines

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
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www.eren.doe.gov/power/consumer/
rebasics_geothermal.html
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Future

• Only tiny fraction is currently used
• Dry hot rock heated by molten magma
• Drill into rock and circulate water

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
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Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind
Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability
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Suggestions to make the transition to a
more sustainable energy future.
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt