Grammar Revision 2

1
Grammar Revision 2ºBTO
2

• Conson y ies (study- studies)
• O es (go goes)
• S, x, ch, sh es (watch- watches/ mix-mixes)

Present simple

We study English My sister watches TV
he/ she / it -s -es (plays, goes)
-
Dont Doesnt
We dont study She doesnt study
verb
?
Do you study ? Does she study?
A S V ?
Am Is Are

present continuous
V-ing
I am studying you are studying he is studying

• V monosilábicos q terminan en 1 vocal 1 cons.,
  doblan cons.
• Runrunning swimswimming
• V de dos sílabas y acento en la 2ª, doblan
  consonante
• Beginbeginning
• Verbos que acaban en l , doblan l
• Traveltravelling
• Verbos que acaban en -ie , cambia a y ing
• Diedying

-
I am not studying You arent studying He isnt
studying
Am I studying? Are you studying? Is he studying?
Study- studying Play-playing
?
A S V ?
3
Present simple
The simple present is used for two main
types of action

• actions which happen regularly
• on Sundays
• Frequency Adverbs -always, usually, often
  
• every day, every week, Once a month, etc.

Habits
States
Things which do not often change ( opinions,
conditions, etc)
present continuous
The present continuous tense is used for two main
types of action

• A temporary action happening now
• Something which is going on right now (but
  it will stop in the future)
• Algo que está ocurriendo ahora pero parará
  en el futuro)
• A definite plan for the future
• Something we intend to do, usually in the
  near future.
• Algo que tenemos la intención de hacer en un
  futuro cercano

4
Non-continuous verbs / Stative verbs
There are some verbs that you don't usually use
in the continuous form, just as in Spanish.
Generally speaking they're verbs that describe
states and not actions, such as these verbs
describing thought processes and opinionsthink,
believe, remember, know, forget, agree, disagree
verbs describing emotionswant, like, love,
hate, adore, detest verbs describing the
sensessee, hear, taste, feel, smell This
doesn't mean that it's impossible to use these
verbs in the continuous. It just means that it's
unusual and would probably be very specific in a
particular situation.
5
Frequency adverbs and time expressions
At the end of the sentence
How often..?
I do yoga twice a week

• Always
• Usually
• Often
• Sometimes
• Hardly ever
• Never

• Every day
• Once a day / week / month..
• Twice a day / week / month..
• Three times a day / week / month..
• Twelve times a day / week / month..

Before the verb
She often plays golf
After to be
They are always hungry
6
Past Simple

• Monosyllabic ending in 1 vowel1 conson,
  double conson
• Stopstopped
• 2 syllables stress in the 2nd, double
  consonant
• Permitpermitted
• V ending in conson y i ed
• Studystudied
• Vowel y ed play - played

I played
Use
Suj

V -ed
2nd col
I sang
-
Suj didnt verb

• Past and finished actions.
• We visited the museum last week
• A series of completed actions in the past
• When I opened the door, the dog barked at
  the postman.
• Past states.
• The old lady lived in this house in 1887

I didnt play
I didnt sing
?
Did Suj verb ?
ASV ?
Did you play?
Did you sing?
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Yesterday last week/year 2 days ago
In 2002 in the 80s when then
7
Remember
Past Continuous
Was Were

V-ing
I , He , She , It
Was/ wasnt
I was playing

Was Were

V-ing
Suj
You were singing
You, we, they
I wasnt playing
-
Wasnt Werent

Suj
V-ing
You werent singing
Were/werent
?
Was I playing?
Was Were

Suj
V-ing
Were you singing?
ASV ?
Time expressions
While , as , last night / week , at 3 oclock
8
Usos

• Para decir lo que estaba ocurriendo en un momento
  concreto del pasado (no algo puntual, sino algo
  en proceso). La acción comenzó antes de dicho
  momento y seguramente continuó después.
• Fíjate que suelen expresar acciones largas.
• I was studying all day yesterday
  I studied all day yesterday

Solamente informas, no quieres dar la idea de
cuánto tiempo pasaste estudiando
Parece q la acción d estudiar fue algo muy largo
2. Para 2 acciones que estuvieron ocurriendo al
mismo tiempo. While you were reading the
newspaper, I was doing my homework 3. Para la
mas larga de las acciones, que suele ser
interrumpida x una mas breve. I was
walking by the street when it began to rain.
9
Present perfect
Have Has

V-ed 3ª col

I have worked She has written
-
I havent worked She hasnt written
?
Have you worked? Has she written ?
ASV ?
Time expressions
Ever , never , yet , just , Already , lately ,
how long..? For , since , in recent years
10
TIME EXPRESSIONS

• EVER (Interrogativas)(alguna vez) Entre el
  auxiliar y el verbo.
• Have you ever been to London?
• NEVER (Nunca) Siempre con el verbo
  afirmativa.
• I have never seen a
  class like this.
• FOR Indica un periodo de tiempo, cuánto ha
  durado una acción. (durante-desde hace)
• Ive known him for twenty
  years. (Le conozco desde hace 20 años)
• DURING noun . Indica cuando ocurrió algo
  (not how long)
• during our holiday
  during the summer during the night
• SINCE Indica el momento o circunstancia
  concreta en que comenzó la acción.
• Ive known her since 1994. (La
  conozco desde 1994)
• JUST Indica que la acción acaba de concluir. Va
  entre el auxiliar y el verbo.
• Have just Past
  Participle acabar de infinitivo
• Ive just washed my hair
  ( Me acabo de lavar el pelo).
• ALREADY Va con oraciones afirmativas e
  interrogativas. (Entre el auxiliar y el verbo).(
  Ya )
• Ive already seen
  that film ( Ya he visto esa película)

11
usos

• Para hablar de experiencias y hechos pasados
  que han ocurrido a lo largo del tiempo sin
  especificar el momento.
•  
• I have eaten Chinese food many times
•  
• Para hablar de acciones que aún continúan
  aunque empezaron tiempo atrás.(Suele llevar
  for y since ). Las preguntas se hacen con
  How long..?
•  
• Ive lived here for five years ( Vivo
  aquí desde hace 5 años-todavía vivo aquí)
•  
• Para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento
  indeterminado del pasado y cuyo resultado podemos
  ver.
•  
• Weve painted the kitchen
• Expresar que una acción acaba de ocurrir.
  Entonces añadimos just entre el aux. y el
  verbo
• The team has just scored a goal

12
CONTRASTE PAST SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECT

• Past Simple acciones que ocurrieron en un
  momento concreto del pasado.
• When did Sam go to India? Last
  June
• Present Perfect experiencias que han ocurrido en
  algún momento indeterminado.
• Sam has been to India.
•  
• Past Simple acciones completamente acabadas.
  I lived in India in 1992.
• Present Perfect acciones que comenzaron en el
  pasado pero que continúan en el presente.
  Ive lived in India since 1992.
•  
• Past Simple se acompaña de expresiones de
  tiempo pasado yesterday, 2 years ago.
• Present Perfect se acompaña con ever, never,
  yet, already.

13
Present perfect continuous
Present perfect of to be
Have been Has been

V-ing
( llevar gerundio)
Time expressions
I have been working She has been studying

For a year , since 2002 , how long..? All day
/ night / week
I havent been working She hasnt been
studying
-
Have you been working ? Has she been studying ?
?
Use

• An action that started in the past and which
  still continues in the present. Or has recently
  stopped. (Como todos los contínuos resalta el
  tiempo que está durando la acción)

• Youre out of breath. Have you been running?
• She has been working here for 2 years
• Actions repeated over a period of time.
• Shes been playing tennis since she was 8
• An action whose results are still apparent.
• Im still tired.. I have been studying all
  night

14
Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
Period of time Ive been washing the car.
Im rather wet Completed action Ive washed the
car. It looks a lot cleaner now
The CONTINUOUS here focuses on the action going
on The SIMPLE focuses on the result of the action
Continuous For an activity that is still
happening. How long ?
How long have you been reading that book?
Simple Completed actions. How much? How many?
How many times? How many pages
of the book have you read?
Mary is still writing letters. Shes been writing
letters all day Mary has written ten letters
today.

• Non-continuous verbs like, know, believe, etc.
  Not normally used in CONT

Live work we use either CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE
John has been living/has lived in London for a
long time
With always we use the SIMPLE . John has always
lived in London
15
Past perfect
V-ed 3ª col
Time expressions
Had
Already , by the time, after , Before, Until
, never , just

I had worked
By a time no later than Ill have finished my
work by 1130 (Ill have finished it no later
than 1130)
-
I hadnt worked
?
Use
Had you worked ?
A completed action which took place before
another action in the past By the time we
arrived at the cinema, the film had already
started
Present
Future
Past
Past Perfect
16
Past perfect continuous
Past perfect of to be

had been
V-ing
(llevaba gerundio)
Time expressions
For hours , since last year All morning , when ,
until , before

I had been
-
I hadnt been
Use
?
Had you been ?
Para hablar de una acción prolongada que ocurrió
en el pasado antes que otra acción breve
también pasada. Suelen ir unidas por una
expresión de tiempo de las del cuadro, o
although , because. We had been driving
for 5 hours when we ran out of petrol.
17
Future

• TO BE GOING TO INFINITIVO

( Futuro de intención)

• Para hablar de nuestras intenciones, planes
  cercanos, o preguntar a otros lo que han
  pensado hacer en un futuro próximo.

Next week Im going to celebrate my birthday.

• Para hacer predicciones basadas en una evidencia
  en el momento en
• que hablamos.

Listen to the wind. Its going to be a storm.

• FUTURE SIMPLE will inf

• Para expresar decisiones espontáneas en el
  momento en que hablamos (ofrecimientos,
  peticiones, promesas, advertencias, amenazas..)

I think youll learn this very quickly The window
is open. Dont worry Ill close it

• Para hacer predicciones basadas en nuestra
  opinión.

He wont come.
18
Future de to be V-ing
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Time expressions
At this time, at this time next On Thursday ,
in the next decade

I will be studying
-
I wont be studying
?
Will you be studying ?
An action in progress at a certain time in the
future At this time next year, I will be
studying Law in Madrid
Use
FUTURE perfect
V-ed 3ª col
Future de have

I will have studied
Time expressions
-
I wont have studied
Use
By this time next week, by 10 oclock, In
three months
?
Will you have studied?
A completed action at a certain time in the
future. By the end of June, we will have
finished our exams
19
Complete the sentences with the verbs in
brackets. Use a present, past or future tense.
1.When you get home from the shop, I
(help) you carry in the bags. 2.By the end of the
school year, I (speak) French very
well. 3. you (pay) the water
bill yesterday? 4.We (not
usually eat) a big meal in the evening. 5.While
he (reach) for his cup of coffee,
he accidentally knocked it over. 6.Next week,
Emma (visit) me. 7.Today,
our teacher (take) us to
the British Museum in London.
will help
will be speaking
Did
pay
dont usually eat
was reaching
is going to visit / is visiting
is taking / is going to take
20
Complete the sentences with the words in
brackets. Use the correct form of a perfect
tense or the Past Simple.
1. Andrea (leave) for the airport
by the time I (call) to say
goodbye. 2.Tom (play) tennis for
years but he still (not convince)
his wife to learn the game. 3.By this time
tomorrow, everyone (hear) about your
secret. Im surprised that you
(manage) not to tell anyone yet. 4.Last week, the
car (run out) of petrol. We
(should / fill) it up before we
left. 5.You (not hand in) your
essay yet. Im surprised because you
(work) on it all week.
had left
called
hasnt convinced
has been playing
will have heard
have managed
ran out
should have filled
havent handed in
have been working
21
Reported speech
22
Cambios en los tiempos verbales
Tense Direct Speech Tense Indirect Speech
Present simple He works as an editor Past simple He said that he worked as an editor
Present continuous He is working as an editor Past continuous He said that he was working as an editor
Past simple He worked as an editor Past perfect He said that he had worked as an editor
Past continuous He was working as an editor Past perfect continuous He said that he had been working as an editor
Present perfect simple He has worked as an editor Past perfect He said that he had worked as an editor
Present perfect continuous He has been working as an editor Present perfect continuous He said that he had been working as an editor
Past perfect simple He had worked as an editor Past perfect simple He said that he had worked as an editor
Past perfect continuous He had been working as an editor Past perfect continuous He said that he had been working as an editor
Future simple He will work as an editor Would infin. He said that he would work as an editor
23
Cambios en los modales
Can May Must / have to Will
Could
Might
Must / had to
Would
Cambios en otras palabras
Now Then
Today That day
Tonight That night
Yesterday The previous day / the day before
Last week The previous week / the week before
A month ago The previous month / the month before
Tomorrow The following day / the next day / the day after
Next week The following week / the week after
Here There
This That
These Those
24
Reported questions
Hay dos tipos de preguntas

• LAS YES / NO QUESTIONS son las que se contestan
  con un si o un no.
• para ponerlas en estilo indirecto utilizamos el
  verbo ask, y a continuación if o whether.
• Entonces la pregunta deja de serlo y se
  convierte en una frase afirmativa, ya no hay
• inversión sujeto-verbo(ASV), ni signo de
  interrogación, ni comillas.
• Did you speak to John last night?
  She asked
• She asked if / whether I had spoken to
  John last night

• LAS WH-QUESTIONS son las que empiezan por una
  palabra interrogativa
• (Wh- word)
• Al pasarlas al estilo indirecto ponemos dicha
  palabra (wh-) y luego el sujeto verbo.
• ?Who told you that story? She asked
• She asked who had told us that story

Who are you writing to? She asked She asked who
I was writing to
25
Reported orders
Para poner una orden en estilo indirecto
cambiamos el imperativo por un infinitivo con
to. Pero antes del infinitivo debemos poner un
verbo que exprese mandato, como Tell u order ,
seguido del complemento indirecto. Hay otros
verbos que siguen esta estructura aunque no
expresen orden. Ask o beg para peticiones. Warn
para advertir a alguien de algo. Advise para dar
consejo Invite para hacer una invitación.
Stop driving so fast. My mother
ordered me to stop driving so fast. Si la oración
es negativa , ponemos not delante de to.
Dont tell anybody He begged me not
to tell anybody
26
Reported suggestions

• Primero ponemos el sujeto y el verbo suggest en
  pasado y después lo que se sugirió.
• Las sugerencias se pueden pasar a estilo
  indirecto de dos formas
• usando una oración introducida por that, con su
  sujeto y el verbo en la forma base.
• (El verbo demand, que expresa mandato,
  también sigue esta estructura)
• Lets watch the news Tom suggested
  
• Tom suggested that we watch the
  news
• Usando el gerundio, sin especificar ningún
  sujeto.
• Lets phone the police
  inmediately
• He suggested phoning the police
  inmediately

27
Reported verbs
Complain Declare Deny Explain Inform Insist

Admit Agree Answer Apologise Boast
(presumir, alardear) Claim
Mention Offer Promise Refuse Remind Reply
?
Enquire Request
Want to know Wonder
SÚPLICAS Y RUEGOS
Beg
Órdenes
Demand Order
Shout Warn
Sugerencias
Advise Invite
Suggest Recommend
28
Complete the sentences in reported speech.
1. Dont turn up the music! My father warned
me 2.How much money have you saved? The
bank clerk wanted to know 3.You must remember
to give us the house key. Bertha and Marion said
4.Do the actors know their lines? The
director asked 5.Im not going to eat any
more ice cream. Andrew announced
not to turn up the music
how much money I had saved.
that I / we had to remember to give them the
house key.
if / whether the actors knew their lines.
that he wasnt going to eat any more ice cream.
29
Passive voice
The reward of a thing well done is to have done
it. Ralph Waldo Emerson
30
They gave Diana a camera last week
SUJETO VERBO OI OD CC

Diana was given a camera last week
SUJETO (OI) BEPARTICIPIO OD CC
(BYSUJETO)
A camera was given to Diana last week
SUJETO (OD) BEPARTIC. OI CC (BYSUJ)
1.Identificar el objeto de la activa(OD/OI)
2.Lo ponemos de sujeto de la pasiva
3.Identificamos el tiempo del verbo.
4.Ponemos to be en el mismo tiempo Past
Participle (3ª column /-ed) del verbo 5.Ponemos
el sujeto de la activa como agente de la pasiva
precedido por by
31

Se forma con el verbo to be el participio (
-ed / 3ª c) del verbo principal
An astronaut was sent into space
Hay que añadir not (nt) al to be. Si la
frase lleva un modal, un verbo en futuro simple
o un tiempo compuesto, lo que negamos es el
modal, will o have / has.
-
An astronaut wasnt sent into space
?
El orden es to be el sujeto el participio. Si
es un modal, un verbo en futuro simple o un
tiempo compuesto, la pasiva empieza con el modal
o el auxiliar, igual que en la activa.
Was an astronaut sent into space?
32

• TEN EN CUENTA QUE
• Al poner en pasiva una frase afirmativa cuenta
  el número de palabras que tiene el verbo en
  activa. En pasiva tiene que haber una más.
• Al poner en pasiva una frase interrogativa
  debes empezar por el auxiliar.
• Are they preparing the meal? Is the meal being
  prepared?
• Si la pasiva es negativa, not va con el
  primer auxiliar
• They are not making the meal.
• The meal is not being prepared

It is said that.. / He is said to.. Con
verbos como
believed, thought, expected, said, estimate,
known, considered, reported la pasiva se hace
de dos formas Experts expect that the Chinese
economy will grow 1. The Chinese economy is
expected to grow 2. It is expected that the
Chinese economy will grow
33

• HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE
• Cuando alguien hace las cosas x nosotros, ej
  cortar el pelo,
• pintar un piso, etc.
• Have/get object (my room, my hair, ..)
  Participio (-ed/3ªc)
• En cualquier tiempo Im having, Ive had, Ill
  have
• Im having my house painted (Me están pintando la
  casa)
• When are you going to have your hair cut?
  (Cuándo te vas a cortar el pelo?)

34
Complete the sentences with the correct active or
passive form of the verbs in brackets.
1. My sister (lose) a lot of weight
lately because she (give) a
new diet by our doctor. 2.The letter
(already send) by the time Jerry
(ask) me
about it. 3.I (live) in this
house since I was born. It (build)
by my grandparents.
has lost
has been given
had already been sent
asked / will already have been sent asks
was built
have lived / have been living
35
Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets.
Use the active or passive.
People have always been frightened of natural
disasters. In ancient times, floods and
earthquakes (1)  (consider) a
punishment from the gods. Recently, in many
places in the world, much damage (2)
(cause) by natural disasters. Now, scientists
(3) (try) to discover whether its
possible to use animals to predict natural
disasters. In 2004, animals ran to the hills
before the beaches in Thailand (4)
(hit) by the tsunami. If the reason for this
behaviour (5)  (can / discover), it
may help scientists find a solution and many
lives (6)  (might / save) in
the future.
were considered
has been caused
are trying
were hit
can be discovered
might be saved
36
Conditionals
37
Summing up.
1st
If present simple , future simple
Modal Imperative
Unless if not
2nd
If past simple , would infinitivo
Could might
3rd
If past perfect , would have participio
Could have might have
38
Oraciones temporales
Se forman como las de 1st conditional
Present Simple , Future Simple. Lo que
cambian son las conjunciones as soon as , by
the time , when , the moment (that) , etc
Shell buy a car as soon as she passes her
driving test When I get home, Ill help you
with your homework
39
Wish Clauses
Wish / if only Past simple
Situaciones presentes que quisiéramos
cambiar/mejorar
He wishes his house were bigger If only I lived
near the school
Wish / if only Past Perfect
Hechos pasados lamentando lo Ocurrido
Pam wishes she and Tom hadnt broken up If only
Sarah had arrived earlier
base form
Wish / if only Could Would
Deseos sobre situaciones futuras, indicando q es
poco probable q ocurran
I wish I could improve my marks If only he would
call me
40
Complete the sentences without changing the
original meanings.
1. Gary is sorry that he doesnt know how to
change a tyre. Gary wishes 2.Im not old
enough to go to that club. If I 3.Its a shame
that they didnt enjoy the play. We wish they
4.She didnt go to the wedding because they
didnt invite her. If they
he could change a tyre.
were old enough / older, I would go to that club.
had enjoyed the play.
had invited her to the wedding, she would have
gone.
41
RELATIVE PRONOUNS RELATIVE
CLAUSES
42

• Who that para referirnos a personas
• Which that para referirnos a cosas
• When that para referirnos a un momento en
  el tiempo
• Where para referirnos a lugares
• Whose expresa posesión ( cuyo) ( Nunca es
  sujeto y no se puede omitir)

Omisión
Pron. Relat. Verbo NO
del relative pronoun
Pron. Relat Suj Verbo SI

• Nunca se puede omitir si es el sujeto de la
  oración de relativo

The man who visited us yesterday is a
professor The house that was so old was rebuilt
Sujeto sustituye a The man
sujeto sustituye a The house

• Podemos omitirlo si no es el sujeto de la
  oración de relativo

The man (who) we met at the bus stop told me
the truth
Sujeto de la or. de relativo
The house (that) we bought is very comfortable
Sujeto de la or. de relativo
43
Defining relative clauses
Hay dos tipos de oraciones de relativo
Non-Defining relative clauses
Defining relative clauses

• imprescindibles para definirel antecedente.
• Sin ellas el sentido de la oración quedaría
  incompleto.

The computer which we bought is very
expensive
( si no especificamos de qué ordenador hablamos
no queda claro el sentido)

• Los pronombres who, which y that pueden
  omitirse si no hacen de sujeto.
• Whose no se puede omitir ni sustituir.

Pron. Relat. Verbo NO
This is the blog whose author is unknown
Pron. Relat Suj Verbo SI

• When y where son los adverbios relativos.
• When puede omitirse y sustituirse por that.
• Ill never forget the day (when/that) I
  met him.
• Where no puede sustituirse por that y no
  suele omitirse.
• I visited the area where all the trendy
  shops are.

• Si el relativo lleva preposición, lo mas común
  es omitirlo y poner la preposición
• detrás del verbo. The boy (who/that) I
  talked to was nervous

44
Non-Defining relative clauses

• Nos dan información extra que no es esencial
  sobre su antecedente.
• Si quitamos la or. de relativo la frase tiene
  sentido

The king of Spain, who lives in Madrid, is called
Juan Carlos

• Siempre van entre comas.
• No se puede usar that. Se forman con who,
  which, when, where y whose.
• Nunca se omiten.
• Se utilizan en el lenguaje escrito y formal.

45
Complete the passage with relative pronouns.
I work at an animal shelter (1) takes
in homeless animals. The shelter is the place
(2)  the animals are fed and taken care
of. On the day (3) animals are brought
to the shelter, Dr Sloan is the vet (4)
examines them and gives them medical treatment.
Anyone (5) pet is lost can come to the
shelter to see if its there.
which
where
when
who
whose
Combine the sentences using a relative clause.

• Here is the box. I keep my discs in it.
• 2.Look at that park. I used to play there.
• 3.I graduated from university. Ill never forget
  that day.
• 4.We invited Jane to dinner. Her family is
  abroad.
• 5.My sister studied medicine. Shes a good
  doctor.

Here is the box where I keep my discs.
Look at that park where I used to play.
Ill never forget the day when / that I graduated
from university.
We invited Jane, whose family is abroad, to
dinner.
My sister, who studied medicine, is a good doctor.
46
Combine the sentences using a suitable relative
pronoun
1.Dan just came back from Hawaii. There are great
beaches there. Dan 2.Janet is a student. Her
travel diary won a prize. Janet, 3.Do you
remember the evening? Janet played the guitar for
us. Do you 4.He is the man. He sold us the
package holiday. He is the man 5.This is the
jeep. It will take us to the hotel. This
just came back from Hawaii, where there are
great beaches.
whose travel diary won a prize, is a student.
remember the evening when Janet played the guitar
for us?
who / that sold us the package holiday.
is the jeep that / which will take us to the
hotel.
47
Modals
48
USE MODAL EXAMPLE
OBLIGATION tengo la obligación de, debo, tengo que Must Have to (no modalhas to) They have to wear a uniform I must finish this exercise
NECESSITY Need to (no modal)() She needs to speak to you
NO OBLIGATION No hace falta que Neednt Dont have to(no modal) You neednt come if you dont want to You dont have to come if you dont want to
PROHIBITION no puedes Mustnt You mustnt smoke at school
ABILITY Se, puedo, soy capaz Can (presente) Could (pasado) Be able to -todos los tiempos I can play the piano I could climb mountains I will be able to drive a bus
POSSIBILITY May (puede que) Might (pudiera ser que) (posib remota) Could (puede que) They may begin acting like criminals He might come They could be on the train now
DEDUCTION/ CERTAINTY Must (Im sure) Cant (Its imposible) That must be your mother (esa debe ser tu madre) That cant be true (eso no puede ser verdad)
49
Modal Uso Example
Can Habilidad Permiso Posibilidad Pedir algo I can drive a bus Can I go to the toilet? She can come to the party Can you lend me some money
Cant Imposibilidad Deducción I cant lift this box Those cant be my keys. Ive got them
Could Habilidad en el pasado Preguntar formalmente Especular Sugerir I could play the guitar when I was five Could you tell me the time, please? Whose could these glasses be? We could go to the theatre
Couldnt Imposibilidad en el pasado I couldnt ride a bike when I was five
Be able to Habilidad I will be able to pass this subject
May / Might Posibilidad It might rain tomorrow
May Pedir algo educadamente May I borrow your book, please?
Would Pedir algo formalmente Ofrecer (con like) Hábitos en pasado(used to) Would you come with me to the wedding? Would you like some tea? She would tell us stories
Must Obligación, Deducción You must be quiet in the library John must be very busy. He didnt come
Have to Obligación I have to study hard if I want to pass
Need to Obligación I need to buy some meat for dinner
Neednt No obligación You neednt do all the exercises
Dont have to No obligación We dont have to attend the conference
Mustnt Prohibición You mustnt step on the grass
Should /ought to Consejo , opinión You should tell the truth
50
Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the modals and verbs in brackets.
1. They (could / go) to the
film but they decided to stay at home. 2.I
(mustnt / forget) to buy Mum a
birthday present. 3.She missed the test today.
She (must / be) ill. 4.You
(shouldnt / spend) so
much money. Think about the future. 5.You
(neednt / leave) your dog
at home. It would have had fun here. 6.I
(might / find) a babysitter if I
had really tried.
could have gone
mustnt forget
must be
shouldnt spend / shouldnt have spent
neednt have left
might have found
51
Rewrite the sentences with the modals in
brackets. Do not change the original meaning of
the sentences.
1. Hes sure that shes happy about the news.
(must) 2.Its possible that the children broke
the window. (might) 3.I guess David forgot
about the meeting. (must) 4.I wont be able to
come to the party. (can) 5.Its a good idea to
wear a suit for the interview. (should)
She must be happy about the news.
The children might have broken the window.
David must have forgotten about the meeting
I cant come to the party.
You should wear a suit for the interview.
52
Translate

1. My abuelo afirmó que se jubilaría el año
   siguiente
2. Mi madre me aconsejó que no solicitara el trabajo
   de dependiente en Berska
3. Se pueden encontrar montones de gangas en
   internet
4. Dónde se venden vaqueros de marca en esta
   ciudad?
5. Nunca me enamoraré de nadie a no ser que
   compartamos los mismos intereses
6. Yo rompería con mi novio si me tratara mal

My grandfather claimed that he would retire the
following year
My mum advised me not to apply for the job as a
shop assistant at Berska
Lots of bargains can be found on the Internet
Where are brand-name jeans sold in this town?
Ill never fall in love with anybody unless we
share common interests
I would break up with my boyfriend if he treated
me badly
53
Ojalá tuvieras mejor sentido del humor Sentí
decirle adiós a la chica que había conocido He
reservado una habitación en el hotel en el que
nos quedamos el año pasado El desfile puede ser
cancelado por culpa de la fuerte lluvia No hace
falta que te disfraces para participar en el
Carnaval de Cádiz Deberías ponerte elegante para
ir a la boda de Julio Marta parece enfadada.
Puede que haya discutido con Tim. Podías haber
planificado este viaje con bastante antelación
I wish you had a better sense of humor
I was sorry to say goodbye to the girl who/that I
had met
Ive booked a room in the hotel which/that we
stayed in last year
where we stayed last year
The parade may be cancelled because of the heavy
rain
You neednt disguise yourself to take part in the
Cadiz Carnival
You should dress up to go to Julias wedding
Marta looks angry. She might have argued with Tim
You could have planned this trip well in advance