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Geography

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Boats represent the journey down rivers of life & death. No ground line. Heraldic composition ... Relief sculpture. Bands or registers. Sunken. Not meant to be ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Geography


1
Geography
2
Hierankopolis
3
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4
Timeline
  • 3500 2686 BCE Pre Early Dynastic
  • 2686 2150 Old Kingdom
  • 2150 2050 First Intermediate Period
  • 2050 1750 Middle Kingdom
  • 1750 1570 Second Intermediate Period
  • 1570 1070 New Kingdom
  • 1070 716 Third Intermediate Period
  • 716 332 Late Period

5
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Events
  • 3000 BCE Upper Lower Egypt united
  • 2150 Civil war
  • 2050 Egypt reunified under Mentuhotep II
  • 1750 Hyksos invade (horse wheel)
  • 1570 Hyksos defeated
  • 1361 1352 Akhenanton Tutankhamen
  • (Armana)

7
Cultural Notes
  • Geography
  • Isolated few attacks from other cultures
  • Rich soil abundant agriculture
  • Complacent longevity
  • Upper Lower Egypt
  • Pharaoh as god
  • Obsession with death the after life
  • 31 dynasties

8
ART OBJECTS
9
Pre-Dynastic Early Dynastic
10
People, boats, and animals
  • Hierakonpolis, Egypt
  • Circa 3500 BCE.
  • Paint on plaster
  • Approx. 16' 3 long

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13
People, boats, and animals
  • Tomb (funerary scene)
  • Boats represent the journey down rivers of life
    death
  • No ground line
  • Heraldic composition
  • Mesopotamian influence?

14
Palette of King Narmer
  • Hierakonpolis, Egypt
  • Circa 3000 BCE.
  • Slate
  • Approx. 2' 1 high

15
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Palette of King Narmer
  • Relief sculpture
  • Utility
  • Palette for eye makeup
  • Narrative
  • Registers
  • Hierarch of scale
  • Twisted perspective

17
Palette of King Narmer
  • Palette
  • a slate slab used for preparing makeup

18
Palette of King Narmer
  • Unification of Upper Lower Egypt
  • 1st dynasty?
  • crown papyrus
  • felines with long necks
  • Pre-historic to the historic
  • Standard for all Egyptian art afterwards

19
Palette of King Narmer
  • The power pharaoh
  • Falcon Horus
  • Pharaohs protector
  • Female cows Hathor
  • Also favor the king
  • Narmers hieroglyph
  • Bull at the bottom
  • Knocks down walls of a rebellious city

20
Architecture
21
Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser
  • IMHOTEP
  • Saqqara, Egypt
  • Circa 2630 BCE.
  • Stone
  • Approx. 200 ft tall

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23
Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser
  • necropolis
  • NOT a ziggurat
  • Funerary (mastaba)
  • Tomb, chapel, shaft
  • Chapel had paintings and/or reliefs
  • 4 compass points
  • Ashlar mason

24
Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser
  • Necropolis
  • Greek, city of the dead
  • a large burial area or cemetery
  • Mastaba
  • Arabic, bench.
  • Rectangular brick or stone structure over an
    underground tomb

25
Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser
  • ashlar masonry-
  • Carefully cut and regularly shaped blocks of
    stone used in construction, fitted together
    without mortar

26
  • Center of a huge precint enclosed by 34 high
    wall
  • 5400 long
  • 37 acres
  • Tightly guarded
  • Daily rituals done

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29
Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser
  • Columns
  • Capital
  • Shaft
  • Bundled reeds papyrus
  • Turned natural temporary structures into
    permanent ones

30
  • Papyrus
  • A plant native to Egypt and surrounding lands
  • Used to make paperlike writing material
  • Also, the material or any writing on it

31
Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser
  • Capital
  • The uppermost member of a column
  • Engaged columns
  • Influence on the Greeks

32
Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser
  • Imhotep
  • 1st known artist in recorded history
  • 3rd dynasty
  • Pharaohs chancellor
  • High priest of Re (sun)
  • Architect

33
Old Kingdom
34
Old Kingdom
  • 4th 8th kingdom
  • Establishes the way in which art will be
    represented for more than two thousand years

35
Architecture
36
Great Pyramids
  • Gizeh, Egypt
  • Circa 2490-2528 BCE
  • Limestone
  • Largest (Khufu) is approx. 450 ft. tall

37
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Great Pyramids
  • Built over 75 years
  • Rhythm Geometric
  • Monumental architecture
  • Ashlar masonry
  • Political religious
  • 7 wonders of the world
  • Developed from mastabas
  • ben-bens and Re

Khaf.
Khufu
Men.
39
Great Pyramids
  • ben-ben
  • A pyramidal stone tied to the Egyptian god Re

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42
Great Pyramids
  • Khufu
  • Cardinal points
  • 775 ft along one side
  • Area is 13 acres
  • 450 ft tall
  • 2.3 million blocks of stone
  • Avg. block 2.5 tons

Khaf.
Khufu
Men.
43
How the Pyramids Were Built
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vsIjN5X_JXhIfeature
    related

44
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45
Great Sphinx
  • Gizeh, Egypt
  • Circa 2520 BCE.
  • Sandstone
  • Approx. 65' high,
  • 240' long

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48
Great Sphinx
  • Funerary complex for Khafre
  • Monumental sculpture
  • Guardian of his tomb
  • Lamassu
  • Therianthrope
  • Power of the lion
  • Khafres face

49
Sculpture
50
Khafre
  • Gizeh, Egypt
  • Circa 2520 BCE.
  • Diorite
  • Approx. 5' 6 high.
  • Tomb

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52
Khafre
  • Existence after death
  • Diorite
  • Realism
  • Portrait sculpture
  • Very compact
  • Lasts longer
  • Subtractive vs. Additive

53
  • Realism
  • Where artists represented the subject matter of
    everyday life in a natural way optical
  • Subtractive
  • A sculptural technique where material is taken
    away from the original mass
  • Additive
  • A sculptural technique where material is built
    upon the original mass

54
Khafre
  • Symbols
  • Papyrus lotus
  • Horus
  • Perfect body face
  • Balance
  • Symmetry

55
Menkaure and his wife
  • Gizeh, Egypt
  • Circa. 2490 BCE.
  • Slate
  • Approx. 4 ½ high.
  • Tomb

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57
Menkaure and his wife
  • Compact
  • Attached to the stone
  • Subtractive
  • Representative formula
  • Frontal
  • Arms straight down
  • Fists clenched
  • Left foot forward
  • Symmetrical

58
Menkaure and his wife
  • Emotionless
  • Monochromatic

59
Ka-Aper
  • Saqqara, Egypt
  • Circa 2450 BCE.
  • Painted wood
  • Approx. 3' 7 high
  • Tomb

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Ka-Aper
  • Lower status official
  • Similar formula
  • Left foot forward
  • Right arm is straight
  • Left arm holds staff
  • (indicates position)
  • Polychromatic
  • Freestanding
  • Additive

62
Ka-Aper
  • Lower status official
  • Less ideal in appearance proportions
  • Chubby stomach
  • Sagging chest
  • Round face

63
Ka-Aper
  • The more important the subject, the more formal
    and ideal the portrait
  • The less important the subject, the less formal
    and more realistic the portrait

64
Paintings Reliefs
65
Relief from the mastaba of Ti
  • Saqqara, Egypt
  • Circa. 2450 BCE.
  • Painted limestone
  • Approx. 4 high

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67
Relief from the mastaba of Ti
  • Not only statues but also reliefs paintings
  • 5th dynasty
  • Agriculture Hunting
  • Provides in the afterlife
  • Symbolic against evil
  • Crossing the Nile
  • Passage to the afterlife

68
Relief from the mastaba of Ti
  • Twisted perspective
  • Registers
  • Rhythm
  • Narrative
  • Anecdotal
  • Tells a story of a moment in time
  • Most statuary was NOT anecdotal (eternal)

69
Relief from the mastaba of Ti
  • Canon
  • A rule (of proportion)
  • The Greeks considered beauty to be a matter of
    correct proportion
  • Canon of proportion, for the human figure and
    buildings

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72
Middle Kingdom
73
Middle Kingdom
  • 9th 14th kingdom
  • The people challenge the power of pharaoh
  • Mentuhotep I reunites Egypt (2050)
  • Deter thieves
  • Smaller pyramids
  • More complex
  • Larger sarcophagi

74
  • Sarcophagus
  • Sarcophagi (plural)
  • Latin consumer of flesh
  • A coffin, usually of stone (granite)
  • 150 tons

75
Architecture
76
Rock-cut tomb
  • Beni Hasan, Egypt
  • Circa. 1950 BCE
  • Approx 25 tall

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78
Rock-cut tomb
  • Carved into mountains instead of freestanding
  • Deter thieves
  • Replaces mastabas

79
Rock-cut tomb
  • Simple design
  • Vestibule
  • Porch with columns
  • Columned hall
  • Sacred chamber
  • Paintings reliefs
  • Columns do NOT support any weight

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  • Flute (fluting)
  • Vertical channeling used principally on columns

82
New Kingdom
83
New Kingdom
  • 18th 20th kingdom
  • Hyksos
  • Defeated by Ahmose I
  • Most brilliant period
  • Expanded territory
  • Euphrates in east
  • Nubia in the south
  • Lots of trade

84
Architecture
85
Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut
  • Deir el-Bahri, Egypt
  • Circa. 1473 BCE

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Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut
  • Temples
  • Worship gods while alive
  • Tributes to them after death
  • Queen Hatshepsut
  • Female pharaoh
  • Son was only 12
  • 1st great female ruler
  • Ruled for about 20 years

88
Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut
  • Senmut
  • Chancellor, architect
  • Horizontals and verticals
  • Fits with landscape
  • Colonnades
  • Rhythm
  • Gardens on the porches
  • Reliefs and paintings

89
  • Colonnades
  • A series or row of columns, usually spanned by
    lintels.

90
Temple of Ramses II
  • Abu Simbel, Egypt
  • Circa. 1290 BCE.
  • Sandstone
  • Colossi approx. 65' high.

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Temple of Ramses II
  • Cut out of rock
  • Moved in 1968
  • Ramses II
  • Great warrior pharaoh
  • 4 colossi commemorate Ramses himself
  • 12 times a normal human
  • Not as detailed

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Temple of Ramses II
  • Interior
  • Giant figures of Ramses II
  • 32 ft tall
  • Creates a narrow corridor
  • Not load bearing
  • (aesthetic only)

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96
Hypostyle Hall
  • Temple of Amen-Re
  • Karnak, Egypt
  • Circa. 1290 BCE.
  • Stone
  • Center columns are 66 tall

http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/explore/karnakh
ypnor.html
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98
Hypostyle Hall
  • Added onto over time
  • Thutmose I III
  • Hatshepsut
  • Ramses II
  • Symmetrical
  • Forms a corridor
  • Old Kingdom
  • Temple of Hatshepsut

http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/explore/karnakh
ypnor.html
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100
Hypostyle Hall
  • Hypostyle hall
  • A hall with a roof supported by columns
  • Post lintel
  • Columns
  • 60 tall
  • Capitals
  • 22 in diameter
  • 100 people!
  • No cement

101
Hypostyle Hall
  • Central row higher than the outside rows
  • Allows light to come in
  • Clerestory
  • Relief sculpture
  • Bands or registers
  • Sunken
  • Not meant to be just functional
  • Informational purpose

102
Sculpture
103
Hatshepsut with offering jars
  • Deir el-Bahri, Egypt
  • Circa. 1473 BCE
  • Red granite
  • Approx. 8' 6 high.

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105
Hatshepsut with offering jars
  • Compact, ideal, connected to stone, proportional
  • Originally over 200
  • Destroyed by Thutmose III
  • This one reconstructed
  • Kneels only before a god
  • Headdress fake beard
  • Portrayed as a male

106
Paintings Reliefs
107
Fowling scene
  • Thebes, Egypt
  • Circa. 1400 BCE.
  • Fresco on dry plaster
  • Approx. 2' 8 high

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109
Fowling scene
  • scribe and counter of grain
  • Hieroglyphics
  • Enjoying afterlife
  • Not static, dynamic
  • Hierarchy of scale
  • Naturalism
  • Birds, cat, fish, etc.

110
Fowling scene
  • Hieroglyphics
  • A system of writing using symbols or pictures
  • Pictograph
  • A picture, usually stylized, that represents an
    idea also, writing using such means
  • Fresco
  • Painting on lime plaster

111
Musicians and dancers
  • Thebes, Egypt
  • Circa. 1400 BCE.
  • Approx. 1' x 2 ¼

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113
Musicians and dancers
  • Ceremonial meal
  • Wine jars on the right
  • New style
  • Dancers
  • Overlapping
  • Two women on right
  • Frontal view
  • Movement
  • Luxurious life

114
More Sculpture
115
Akhenaton
  • Karnak, Egypt
  • Circa. 1353 BCE.
  • Sandstone
  • Approx. 13' high

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117
Akhenaton
  • Short, violent upheaval
  • Amenhotep IV
  • Abandoned traditional gods
  • Only Aton (sun disk)
  • Only god now
  • Wiped out Amens name
  • Akehenaton is the sole prophet to Aton
  • No animals or humans
  • Sun disk only

118
Akhenaton
  • Changes in traditional stylistic conventions
  • Curving contours
  • Long face
  • Full lips
  • Heavy lidded eyes
  • Dreaming expression
  • Purposeful action against tradition
  • Androgynous
  • Male Female

119
Amarna Period
120
Nefertiti
  • THUTMOSE
  • Tell el-Amarna, Egypt
  • Circa. 1353 BCE.
  • Painted limestone
  • Approx. 1' 8 high

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122
Nefertiti
  • Akhenatons wife
  • The Beautiful One is Here
  • Curving contours
  • Expression
  • Long neck
  • Thutmose
  • Queens official sculptor

123
Smenkhkare Meritaten
  • Tell el-Armana, Egypt
  • Circa 1335 BCE.
  • Painted limestone
  • Approx. 9 ½ high

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125
Smenkhkare Meritaten
  • Akhenatons half-brother wife
  • Painted relief
  • Curvilinear
  • Details of dress, neck, bellies, etc.
  • Informal, intimate
  • Sculptor shows his knowledge of the body
  • Weight shift on hips

126
Death mask of Tutankhamen
  • Thebes, Egypt
  • Circa. 1323 BCE.
  • Gold with inlay of semiprecious stones
  • Approx. 1' 9 high

127
Death mask of Tutankhamen
  • Akhenatons son
  • Ruled for 10 years
  • Dies at 18
  • 3 coffins
  • Innermost is most rich
  • ¼ ton of beaten gold
  • Turquoise, lapis lazuli
  • Nemes headdress beard

128
  • canopic jars
  • the containers in which the organs of the dead
    were placed for burial with the mummy
  • ushabti
  • a statue of a servant placed in a tomb to act as
    a servant to the deceased in the afterlife

129
Death mask of Tutankhamen
  • Big Deal?
  • Tomb undisturbed
  • Sculpture
  • Furniture
  • Jewelry
  • Etc.
  • 1922
  • Howard Carter
  • Curse of King Tut

130
If this is what a boy king received
  • What did the great pharaohs have in their tomb?

131
Painted Chest
  • Tomb of Tutankhamen
  • Thebes, Egypt
  • Circa. 1323 BCE.
  • Wood
  • Approx 1 8 long

132
Painted Chest
  • Tomb of Tutankhamen
  • Thebes, Egypt
  • Circa. 1323 BCE.
  • Wood
  • Approx 1 8 long

133
Painted Chest
  • Tutankhamen as a successful hunter/warrior
  • Hunt scene on top
  • War scene on side
  • Hierarchy of scale
  • Rhythm, overlapping
  • Amarna style

134
Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer
  • Thebes, Egypt
  • Circa. 1290 BCE.
  • Painted papyrus scroll
  • Approx. 1' 6 high

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136
Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer
  • Narrative
  • Hu-Nefer is led by Anubis to the scales
  • Feather of Maat (truth)
  • Ammit would eat heart
  • Thoth records outcome
  • Horus leads Hu-Nefer to Osiris
  • All of the gods in upper register

137
Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer
  • Shows a return to traditional stylistic
    conventions
  • Rigid
  • Strict twisted perspective
  • Angular lines
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