Major Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology Part

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Major Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology

• Part 1 Organization of the Human Body

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What is AP?

• Anatomy
• The study of the structure of the human body.
• Physiology
• The study of the function of the human body.

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Subdivisions of Anatomy

• Gross Anatomy Studies structures visible to
  naked eye.
• Histology Studies structure of tissues visible
  through a microscope.
• Neuroanatomy Studies the structures of the human
  nervous system.
• Embryology Studies the development of human
  embryos.
• Radiographic Anatomy Studies the structures
  visible via x-ray.

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Subdivisions of Physiology

• Neurophysiology Studies the function of the
  human nervous system
• Cardiophysiology Studies the human
  cardiovascular system.
• Immunology Studies the structure function of
  the immune system.
• Endocrinology Studies the function of hormones
  and their effects.
• Pathophysiology Studies the changes brought on
  by disease and aging.

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Homeostasis

• Homeostasis
• The healthy internal balance of the human
  organism.
• The body will always attempt to return to
  homeostasis if change occurs.
• Feedback Systems are used to maintain
  homeostasis.
• E.g. blood glucose, body temperature, etc.
• Major fluctuations may indicate a problem!

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Feedback Mechanisms

• Negative Feedback Mechanisms
• Maintains the body condition in question within a
  small normal range of its set point.
• Examples
• Blood sugar range (80-120mg/ml)
• Body Temperature (36.5-38C)
• Blood pH
• Your thermostat!

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Feedback Mechanisms

• Positive Feedback Mechanisms
• Strengthens of reinforces a change where the
  response to a stimulus actually increases the
  original stimulus. Produces a fairly rapid
  change.
• Examples
• Labor

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Hierarchy of Complexity

• 6 Levels of the Hierarchy
• Chemical Level
• Cellular Level
• Tissue Level
• Organ Level
• System Level
• Organism Level
• Moves from simple to complex.

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Chemical Level

• The atoms and molecules that make up the cells of
  the body.
• Subatomic Particles
• Smaller than atoms
• Include protons, neutrons electrons
• Atoms
• The smallest unit of the elements
• Formed by combinations of the subatomic particles

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Chemical Level

• Elements
• Fundamental substances composed of atoms
• Chemically alike cannot be separated into
  smaller substances by typical methods
• Include Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen
• Molecules
• Composed of groups of atoms
• Includes things like Glucose Macromolecules
• Macromolecules
• Composed of hundreds or thousands of molecules
• Includes proteins, fats, carbohydrates, DNA, RNA

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Cellular Level

• Organelles
• Microscopic structures contained inside cells
• Carry out individual functions
• Include Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum,
  lysosomes
• Cells
• The basic building block of all organic organisms
  (living things)

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Tissue Level

• Tissue
• A mass of similar cells that perform the same
  specific function
• FOUR PRIMARY TISSUES
• Epithelium Tissue
• Connective Tissue
• Muscle Tissue
• Nervous Tissue

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Organ Level

• Organ
• Structure composed of two or more separate tissue
  types working together to carry out a particular
  function
• Distinct gross anatomical boundaries
• Include stomach, heart, brain, etc.

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System Level

• Organ System
• A group of organs connected together to
  accomplish a unique collective function
• Example Digestive system
• Separate organs include the esophagus, stomach,
  small large intestines
• Functions include digestion, absorption, and
  excretion

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Organism Level

• Organism
• A single complete individual
• Composed of a number of different organ systems
• 11 Systems in the Human
• Integumentary Skeletal Muscular
• Cardiovascular Nervous Endocrine
• Respiratory Digestive Lymphatic
• Reproductive Urinary

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Six Characteristics of Living Organisms

1. Metabolism All chemical reaction occurring
   within living cells.
2. Anabolism Synthesis reactions to combine small
   molecules to form larger ones. Requires an input
   of energy.
3. Catabolism Reactions reduce large, complex
   substances into simpler ones. Releases energy.
4. Growth An increase in size through division
   and/or enlargement of cells.
5. Differentiation The process of developing
   unspecialized cells into specialized cells with
   specific structure and function.

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Six Characteristics of Living Organisms

• Movement Includes motion of a body part or
  materials through the body.
• Responsiveness The ability to detect and respond
  to changes in the environment.
• Reproduction The process of producing a new
  organism or forming new cells.

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Anatomical Position

• The anatomical position is the standard reference
  position for AP.
• Requires a person to
• Stand with feet flat on the floor
• Arms at the sides
• Palms, face, eyes, and feet face forward
• All descriptions assume the body is in this
  position.

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Directional Terms

• Superior Toward the top of the head
• Inferior Below or toward the feet
• Anterior or Ventral Front
• Posterior or Dorsal Back
• Medial Toward the midline/midsagittal plane
• Lateral Away from the midline
• Proximal Closer to midline or the point of limb
  attachment

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Directional Terms

• Distal Farther away from the midline or point of
  limb attachment
• Superficial Closer to the surface of the body
• Deep Farther from the surface of the body

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Anatomical Planes

• Sagittal Plane Extends vertically from head to
  toes divides the body into left and right
  portions.
• Midsagittal Median Plane Passes exactly through
  midline (middle) of the body divides the body
  into equal halves.
• Parasagittal Plane Any sagittal plane that
  passes through the body to the left or right of
  the midline divides the body into unequal left
  right portions.

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Anatomical Planes

• Frontal Coronal Plane Vertically oriented plane
• At right angles perpendicular to the sagittal
  plane
• Divides the body into a front (anterior) and back
  (posterior) portion

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Anatomical Planes

• Transverse Plane Passes through the body
  horizontally
• Perpendicular to the long axis of the body
• Divides the body into top (superior) and bottom
  (inferior) portions.
• Typical plane of Computerized Tomography (CT)
  scans

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Anatomical Planes

• Oblique Plane Passes through the body at an
  angle
• Between the transverse plan and either a sagittal
  or frontal plane.

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Surface Anatomy

• Axial Region The area of the body closest to the
  midline. Consists of..
• head
• neck
• Trunk
• Thoracic region (chest above diaphragm)
• Abdominopelvic region (below diaphragm)

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Surface Anatomy

• Appendicular Region Are of body farthest away
  from the midline. Consists of the Appendages
  (upper and lower limbs, extremities).
• Brachium Arm from shoulder to elbow
• Antebrachium Forearm from elbow to wrist
• Carpus Wrist area
• Metacarpus Hand between carpus phalanges
• Manus Hand
• Digits (Phalanges) Fingers
• Thigh From hip to knee
• Crus (Shank) From knee to ankle
• Tarsus Ankle between leg and metatarsus
• Metatarsus Foot from ankle to toes.
• Pes The foot
• Digits (Phalanges) The toes

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Body Cavities

• Dorsal Cavity Lined by the meninges (dura mater,
  arachnoid mater, and pia mater).
• Cranial Cavity Contains the brain enclosed in
  the skull.
• Vertebral or Spinal Cavity Contains the spinal
  chord enclosed in the vertebral column.
• Ventral Cavity
• Thoracic Cavity Contains the heart, lungs,
  upper digestive system organs.
• Abdominopelvic Cavity Contains the stomach,
  liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, urinary
  bladder, small large intestine. Kidneys located
  BEHIND abdominopelvic cavity.
• Organs located in these cavities are referred to
  as viscera.

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

• 4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants
• Right Upper Quadrant
• Left Upper Quadrant
• Left Lower Quadrant
• Right Lower Quadrant

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

• 9 Abdominopelvic Regions
• Right Hypochondriac Region Liver, gall bladder
• Epigastric Region Liver, stomach, pancreas
• Left Hypochondriac Region Stomach, spleen
• Right Lateral or Lumbar Region Ascending colon,
  gall bladder
• Umbilical Region Stomach, transverse colon,
  small intestine, pancreas
• Left Lateral or Lumbar Region Small intestine,
  descending colon
• Right Inguinal or Iliac Region Cecum, small
  intestine
• Hypogastric Region Small intestine, rectum,
  urinary bladder, reproductive organs
• Left Inguinal or Iliac Region Small intestine,
  sigmoid colon

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