The First Civilizations

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The First Civilizations
CHAPTER 2

• Section 1 Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
• Section 2 Egyptian Life and Culture
• Section 3 Sumerian Civilization
• Section 4 Empires of the Fertile Crescent
• Section 5 The Phoenicians and the Lydians
• Section 6 The Origins of Judaism

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Objectives
Section 1
Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile

• Explore how geography affected the development of
  ancient Egypt.
• Identify the events and discoveries that marked
  the development of Egyptian civilization.
• Explain how Egyptian kingdoms developed and why
  they collapsed.

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The Land Its Geography and Importance
Section 1
Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile

• The Nile River
• Other natural advantages farmland, mineral
  deposits

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The Nile (Where Egypt Began)
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Nile River
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Early Steps Toward Civilization
Section 1
Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile

• Mining metals
• Making alloys and pottery
• Writing - hieroglyphics

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The Rosetta Stone and Hieroglyphics
DescriptionThe Rosetta Stone. Carved on this
ancient Egyptian stone are inscriptions that
resulted in the deciphering and understanding of
hieroglyphics. It was found in 1799 by a French
army engineer who was with Napoleon in Egypt. The
writing is a decree drawn up by the priests at
Memphis in 196 B.C. The text appears in the
hieroglyphic script of the priests, in the
demotic script of spoken Egyptian, and at the
bottom, in Greek
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Hieroglyphics
DescriptionHieroglyphics in the Book of the
Dead. There were actually three Books of the
Dead, containing all of the information essential
to the deceased in the afterlife.
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Hieroglyphics
DescriptionThe ankh was a symbol that stood for
the life force. In ancient Egypt it was
associated only with gods and pharaohs. Later in
history the ankh was adopted by Christians.
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Hieroglyphics
DescriptionAnubis was the god that protected
the domain of the dead and oversaw embalming. He
was often represented as a jackal or dog, as he
is on this almost 5,000 year-old tomb wall.
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The Egyptian Kingdoms
Section 1
Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile

• The Old Kingdom pharaohs grew weaker and nobles
  grew stronger
• The Middle Kingdom golden age
• The New Kingdom Hatshepsut was one of first
  known female rulers
• Egypts decline Ramses was last great pharaoh

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Objectives
Section 2
Egyptian Life and Culture

• Describe Egyptian achievements in the arts and
  architecture.
• Examine how the Egyptians expressed their
  religious beliefs.
• Explain how farming and trade were carried on in
  Egypt.

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The Achievements of Ancient Egypt
Section 2
Egyptian Life and Culture

• Architecture and the arts pyramids, sculpture
• Science, math, and medicine calendar, number
  system and geometry, herbal medicines

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Pyramids of Giza
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Education and Religion
Section 2
Egyptian Life and Culture

• The gods animal symbols
• The afterlife mummification to preserve body

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Society and Economy
Section 2
Egyptian Life and Culture

• Farming peasants farmed, but pharaohs owned
  land
• Trade in caravans and by sea

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Objectives
Section 3
Sumerian Civilization

• Explore how geography affected the development of
  the Sumerian civilization.
• Identify the achievements of the Sumerian people.
• Describe what life was like in Sumerian society.

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The Land Its Geography and Importance
Section 3
Sumerian Civilization

• Fertile Crescent not isolated
• Flood control society built on cooperation

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Sumer and Its Achievements
Section 3
Sumerian Civilization

• Sumerian writing cuneiform
• Architecture and science arch, wheel, math

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Sumerian Society
Section 3
Sumerian Civilization

• Government and society priests, kings, and
  nobles at top, peasant farmers and slaves at
  bottom of society
• Farming and trade dates, grains, vegetables,
  flax for linen, animals
• Education and religion only upper-class males
  attended school practiced polytheism

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Objectives
Section 4
Empires of the Fertile Crescent

• Explain why Sumerians were attacked by outsiders.
• Examine the characteristics of Babylonian
  society.
• Investigate which invaders conquered Babylon and
  why they failed to control it.
• Describe the achievements of the Persians.

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The Akkadians
Section 4
Empires of the Fertile Crescent

• From Mesopotamia
• Sargon

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The Babylonians
Section 4
Empires of the Fertile Crescent

• Code of Hammurabi an eye for an eye
• Babylonian culture farming, women could own
  property
• Religion sacrifices

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Other Conquerors
Section 4
Empires of the Fertile Crescent

• The Hittites laws and government
• The Assyrians first to use cavalry
• The Chaldeans Nebuchadnezzar

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The Persians
Section 4
Empires of the Fertile Crescent

• Government collected taxes, administered law
  fairly, built roads
• Persian religion Zoroastrianism, universal
  struggle between good and evil
• The decline of the Persians kings lacked
  leadership abilities

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Objectives
Section 5
The Phoenicians and the Lydians

• Examine how trade influenced Phoenician culture.
• Describe how a money economy developed in Lydia.

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The Phoenicians
Section 5
The Phoenicians and the Lydians

• Phoenician trade lumber, metals, glass blowing,
  dyeing
• Phoenician culture developed Phoenician alphabet

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Lydians
Section 5
The Phoenicians and the Lydians

• First people to use coined money made of gold and
  silver

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Objectives
Section 6
The Origins of Judaism

• Explain how the migrating Hebrews found a
  homeland.
• Explore how religious views affected Hebrew
  culture.

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The Hebrews
Section 6
The Origins of Judaism

• The Exodus Moses led Hebrews out of slavery
• The Ten Commandments
• The founding of Israel King Saul

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The Development of Judaism
Section 6
The Origins of Judaism

• Law and ethics Torah
• Religion ethical monotheism