Licit and Illicit Drug Use

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Chapter 10

• Licit and Illicit Drug Use

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Defining Addictions

• patterned use and dependency on mind or mood
  altering substances
• interferes with academic/work
• family
• interpersonal relationships
• social/economic functioning
• physical/mental health

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The Physiology of Addiction- mental, emotional,
and Behavioural function occur due to biochemical
reactions between nerve cells and the body

• Neurotransmitters - biochemical messengers that
  exert influence at specific receptor cites on
  nerve cells
• drugs can alter these cites - change moods / fill
  insufficient amounts
• Tolerance - over time needing greater amounts of
  substance

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The Addictive Process

• avoid unpleasant feeling or situation
• nurturing through avoidance
• coping skills not developed
• addiction increases
• relationships deteriorate

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Signs of AddictionFour Common Symptoms

• Compulsion / Obsession
• excessive preoccupation with the behaviour /
  overwhelming need to perform it
• Loss of Control - inability to predict
  consequences of behaviour as healthy or damaging
• Negative Consequences - physical damage, legal
  trouble, financial, academic failure
• Denial - inability to perceive behaviour is
  self-destructive

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Types of Drugsstimulate / depress / hallucinate

• prescription drugs
• OCT preparations
• recreational substances
• herbal preparations
• illicit drugs
• Psychoactive drugs
• Mood / behaviour altering

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Routes Of Administration of Drugs how the drug
is taken into the body

• Oral Injestion - mouth
• Injection - hupodermic needle
• Intravenous injection - vein
• Intramuscular injection - muscles
• Subcutanious injection- fat below skin

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Routes Of Administration of Drugs how the drug
is taken into the body

• Inhalation - nostrils
• Suppositories - inserted into anus or vagina -
  melt at body temp.
• Inunction - through skin

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Drug Use, Abuse, and Interactions

• drug misuse - using drug for other reasons than
  intended
• drug abuse - excessive use
• Environmental factors- main-effect side-effect
• Set and Setting

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Individual Response to Psychoactive DrugsSET
SETTING

• Set - how the person thinks. Mindset - while
  under the influence
• physical, emotional and social factors / work
  together or against to influence the drugs
  effect
• Setting - external factors / drug taken in a
  quiet place vs. a loud party

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Drug Interactions

• Polydrug use - multiple medication / illicit
  drugs - simultaneously
• Synergism - two or more drugs taken.produce
  different effect
• Antagonism - two or more drugs working on same
  receptor site

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Drug Interactions

• Inhibition - drugs compete for same receptor site
  / reduce effectiveness of each one
• Intolerance - two or more drugs produce
  uncomfortable symptoms
• Cross - tolerance - developed tolerance to one
  drug that reduces effectiveness of similar drug

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Prescription DrugsTypes

• Antibiotics - fight bacteria / infections
• Analgesics - pain relievers
• Prostaglandin inhibitors - inhibit production
  release / associated with pain from arthritis
  menstruation
• Sedatives - CNS - Induces sleep / reduces anxiety

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Prescription DrugsTypes!!!

• Tranquilizers - CNS depressants / relax body
  calm anxiety
• Antidepressants - used to treat clinically
  diagnosed depression
• Amphetamines - stimulants / associated dangers
• Rebound effects - withdrawal from stimulants /
  serious / depression, nausea, violence
• Generic Drugs - chemical names not brand names

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Over-the-Counter (OCT) Drugs

• Nonprescription Drugs
• self-diagnoses / self-treatment
• Safe? Abuse? Harmful!!!!!!
• Types
• Analgesic / pain killers / use common wide
  spread
• Cold, Cough, Allergy, and Asthma Relievers -
  Dont cure / reduce symptoms
• Stimulants - used to keep awake! All night paper
  writing - students

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Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs

• Sleeping Aids and Relaxants - induce sleepy/
  drowsy feeling
• Dieting Aids - appetite suppressant - a
  stimulant which can be dangerous
• Sympathomimetics - induce stress reaction

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Over-the-Counter (OCT) Drugs

• Laxatives - softens stool
• relieves constipation
• use for weight loss / ineffective
• Diuretics - promotes increased urination - for
  weight loss ineffective / water replenished and
  creates chemical imbalances

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Illicit Drugs illegal to possess, produce or
sell

• Although illegal widely used and remains a
  problem in Canada
• Controlled Substances
• Cocaine - powerful stimulant - leaves from South
  American Shrub -3.8 casual use 1.4 regular in
  Canada
• Effects.
• Serious results to physical, mental and social
  health

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Illicit Drugs illegal to possess, produce or
sell

• Amphetamines - addictive stimulant that improve
  alertness, lessen fatigue and improve mood
• Marijuana - chopped leaves flowers from
  cannabis - heightens reactions to environmental
  stimuli

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Illicit Drugs illegal to possess, produce or
sell

• Hashish - thick / sticky resin from cannabis
  plant
• Marijuana and Medicine - used to reduce nausea in
  cancer patients and to reduce eye pressure for
  glaucoma

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Illicit Drugs illegal to possess, produce or
sell

• opiates
• narcotics (Greek for Stupor) are derived from the
  parent drug opium
• opium - made from milky juice of poppy seeds
• morphine - pain reliever
• codeine - found in cough medicine and painkillers

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Illicit Drugs illegal to possess, produce or
sell

• Heroin - illegally manufactured from morphine /
  injected into blood stream
• Methadone Maintenance -treatment for people
  addicted to opiates - synthetically produced

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Illicit Drugs illegal to possess, produce or
sell

• Psychedelics - distort sensory information
• Reticular formation - relay information to other
  parts of the brain
• Synesthesia - sensory messages are misinterpreted
• Hallucinations - images perceived as real but are
  not

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Illicit Drugs illegal to possess, produce or
sell

• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) - causes sensory
  disruptions - ACID
• Mescaline - hallucinogenic drug
• Peyote - cactus / has parts that create
  hallucinogenic effects
• Psilocybin - chemical in mushroom causes
  hallucinogenic effects

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Designer Drugs - Synthetically produced drug /
Similar effects to Illicit Drugs

• Manufactured by
• underground chemists
• Three types available
• analogues
• phencyclidine (PCP)
• amphetamine
• methamphetamine

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Inhalants - sniffed or inhaled

• Amyl Nitrate - poppers or rush
• a vasodilator - used to enhance orgasm /
  fainting, dizziness, warmth, skin flushing
• Nitrous Oxide - laughing gas creates a state of
  euphoria / floating / illusions
• overdose - unconsciousness, coma or death

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Steroids - artificial forms of testosterone /
promotes muscle growth strength

• Ergogenic aid
• Athletic performance
• Recreational use widespread to look a certain
  way- BIG!
• Adverse effects - mood swings (roid rage),
  acne, liver tumors, higher cholesterol levels,
  hypertension,kidney disease, immune system
  weakening
• HIV - shared needles!!!

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Steroids - artificial forms of testosterone /
promotes muscle growth strength

• Women - masculine traits / lowered voice,
  increased facial body hair , male pattern
  baldness, enlarged clitoris, decreased breast
  size, changes to menstrual cycle

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Steroids - artificial forms of testosterone /
promotes muscle growth strength

• Men - shuts down bodys natural production of
  testosterone
• develop breasts
• testicles atrophy
• Is it Worth it????

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Drugs Are They Worth IT?

• The impact to society is devastating!!!!!
• Crime
• Relationships
• School / Work
• Lifestyle
• Health
• Fun
• Denial
• What is the REAL problem??