The Invasion and Settlement of North America, 1550-1700

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The Invasion and Settlement of North America,
1550-1700
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New Spain Colonization and Conversion

• Spanish adventurers were the first Europeans to
  explore the southern and western United States.
• By the 1560s their main goal was to prevent other
  Europeans from establishing settlements.
• In 1565 Spain established St. Augustine, the
  first permanent European settlement in America
  most of Spain's other military outposts were
  destroyed by Indian attacks.

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• In response, the Spanish adopted The
  Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries (1573)
  and employed missionaries.
• Spanish rule was not benevolent, and many
  Indians questioned it.
• In 1610 Santa Fe was established and the system
  of missions and forced labor was reestablished.
• By 1680 many Pueblos in New Mexico were faced
  with extinction the Pueblos eventually joined
  with the Spanish to protect their lands against
  nomadic Indians.

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• Spain maintained its northern empire but did not
  achieve religious conversion or cultural
  assimilation of the Native Americans.
• The cost of expansion delayed the Spanish
  settlement of California.

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The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England

• The Protestant Movement
• Over the centuries the Catholic Church became a
  large and wealthy institution, controlling vast
  resources throughout Europe.
• Martin Luther publicly challenged Roman Catholic
  practices and doctrine with his NinetyFive
  Theses the document condemned the "sale of
  indulgences" by the Church.
• Christians divided into camps of Catholics and
  Protestants after 1517 Christianity was no
  longer a unifying force in Europe.

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The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England

• The Protestant Movement
• Southern German rulers installed Catholicism as
  their official religion, and Northern German
  rulers chose Lutheranism as their state creed.
• Protestant John Calvin and his Institutes of the
  Christian Religion (1536) preached
  predestination, the idea that God determines who
  will be saved before they are born.
• When the pope denied his request for a marriage
  annulment, King Henry VIII broke with the Roman
  Catholic Church and created a national Church of
  England.

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The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England

• The Protestant Movement
• Henry's daughter, Elizabeth I, combined Lutheran
  and Calvinist beliefs angered by Elizabeth, some
  radical Protestants took inspiration from the
  Presbyterian system.
• Other radical Protestants called themselves
  Puritans they wanted to "purify" the church

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The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England

• The Dutch and the English Challenge Spain
• King Philip II wanted to root Protestantism out
  of the Netherlands.
• Viewed himself as the right hand of God ordained
  to wipe out Protestant error and restore
  religious unity to Europe

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• To protect their Calvinism and political
  liberties, the seven northern provinces of the
  Spanish Netherlands declared their independence
  in 1581 and became the Dutch Republic (or
  Holland).

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The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England

• The Dutch and the English Challenge Spain
• In 1588 the Spanish Armada sailed out to reimpose
  Catholic rule in England and Holland but was
  defeated.
• As Spain floundered, the Dutch Republic became
  the leading commercial power of Europe
• England's economy was stimulated by a rise in
  population and "mercantilism," a system of
  state-supported manufacturing and trade.

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New France Furs and Souls

• Quebec, established in 1608, was the first
  permanent French settlement New France became a
  vast fur-trading enterprise.
• The Hurons, in exchange for protection from the
  Iroquois, allowed French traders into their
  territory.
• By providing a market for furs, the French set in
  motion a series of devastating Indian wars.

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• French missionaries did not use Indians for
  forced labor.
• The French colonial system allowed the Indians to
  retain their traditional religious beliefs.

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New Netherland Commerce

• The Dutch republic emphasized commerce over
  religious conversion.
• In 1621 the West India Company had a trade
  monopoly in West Mrica and exclusive authority
  to establish outposts in America.
• The Company founded the town of New Amsterdam as
  the capital of New Netherland.

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• To encourage migration, the Company granted land
  along the Hudson River to wealthy Dutch men.
• New Netherland failed as a settler colony but
  flourished briefly in fur trading.
• The West India Company came to ignore the
  floundering Dutch settlement.
• After a 1664 English invasion, New Amsterdam
  subsequently accepted English rule.

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The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England

• The Dutch and the English Challenge Spain
• Mercantilist-minded monarchs like Queen Elizabeth
  encouraged merchants to invest in domestic
  manufacturing, thereby increasing exports and
  decreasing imports.
• The English and the Dutch could now challenge
  Spain's monopoly in the Western Hemisphere.

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The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England

• The Social Causes of English Colonization
• The "Price Revolution," major inflation, caused
  social changes in England the English nobility
  were the first casualties of the Price Revolution
  
• In two generations, the price of goods tripled,
  but income from rents barely increased, causing
  aristocrats to lose wealth

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The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England

• The Social Causes of English Colonization
• Yeomen and gentry gained wealth and were able to
  influence politics and give small landowners a
  voice.
• Due to enclosures and inflation, many peasants
  lost the means to earn a living.

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The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England

• The Social Causes of English Colonization
• Peasants were willing to go to America as
  indentured servants the stage was set for a
  substantial migration to America
• As land prices rose, yeomen looked to America for
  land for their children

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The First English Model Tobacco and Settlers

• English merchants became the leaders of English
  expansion.
• In 1607 the Virginia Company sent an expedition
  of men to North America, landing in Jamestown,
  Virginia the goal of the Virginia Company was
  trade, not settlement.

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• Life in Jamestown was harsh death rates were
  high, there was no gold and little food.
• Tobacco became the basis of economic life in
  Jamestown.

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• To encourage English settlement, the Virginia
  Company granted land to freemen, established a
  headright system, and approved a system of
  representative government under the House of
  Burgesses.
• An influx of settlers sparked war with the
  Indians but did not slow expansion by 1630
  English settlement in the Chesapeake Bay was well
  established.

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The Chesapeake Experience
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Settling the Tobacco Colonies

• James I dissolved the Virginia Company and
  created a royal colony in Virginia.
• The Church of England was established in Virginia
  and property owners paid taxes to support the
  clergy.
• The model for royal colonies in America consisted
  of a royal governor, an elected assembly, and an
  established Anglican church.

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• Lord Baltimore wanted Maryland to become a refuge
  from persecution for English Catholics
  settlement of Maryland began in 1634.
• Baltimore granted the assembly the right to
  initiate legislation.
• A Toleration Act was enacted in 1649 to protect
  Protestants and Catholics alike.
• Demand for tobacco started an economic boom in
  the Chesapeake, attracting migrants, but
  diseases, especially malaria, kept population low
  and life expectancy short.

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Masters, Servants, and Slaves

• The great majority of migrants to Virginia and
  Maryland were indentured servants most masters
  ruled with beatings and withheld permission to
  marry.
• The first African workers fared even worse and
  their numbers remained small.
• At first, Africans were not legally enslaved,
  although many served their masters for life.

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• Some Africans escaped bondage by becoming
  Christians or working a certain length of time.
• In the 1660s Chesapeake legislatures began
  enacting laws that lowered the status of
  Africans being a slave had become a permanent
  and hereditary condition.

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The Seeds of Social Revolt

• By the 1660s the Chesapeake tobacco market had
  collapsed and long-standing social conflicts
  flared up in political turmoil.
• In an effort to exclude Dutch and other
  merchants, Parliament passed an Act of Trade and
  Navigation (1651), permitting only English or
  colonial-owned ships into American ports.
• The number of tobacco planters increased, but
  profit margins were thin.

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Puritan New England
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The Puritan Migration

• New England differed from other European
  settlements it was settled by men, women, and
  children.
• The Pilgrims, Puritans who were "Separatists"
  from England's Anglican Church, sailed to America
  in 1620 on the Mayflower.
• They created the Mayflower Compact, a covenant
  for religious and political autonomy and the
  first constitution in North America.

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• After having Anglican rituals forced upon their
  churches, Puritans sought refuge in America in
  1630 John Winthrop and 900 Puritans established
  the Massachusetts Bay colony.
• Over the next decade, 10,000 Puritans migrated to
  Massachusetts Bay.
• The Puritans created representative political
  institutions that were locally based.
• The right to vote and hold office was limited to
  Puritan church members, and the Bible was the
  legal as well as spiritual guide for
  Massachusetts Bay.

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Religion and Society, 1630-1670

• Puritans eliminated bishops and devised a
  democratic church structure influenced by John
  Calvin, they embraced predestination.
• Puritans dealt with the uncertainties of divine
  election in three ways "conversion experience"
  "preparation" and belief in a "covenant" with
  God.
• Puritans of Massachusetts Bay felt they must
  purge their society of religious dissidents.

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• Roger Williams and other dissidents founded
  settlements in Rhode Island where there was no
  legally established church.
• Anne Hutchinson was considered a heretic because
  her beliefs diminished the role of Puritan
  ministers.
• In 1636 Thomas Hooker and others left
  Massachusetts Bay and founded Hartford in 1639
  the Connecticut Puritans adopted the Fundamental
  Orders.
• Connecticut government included a representative
  assembly and elected governor.

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• Connecticut united church and state, but voting
  was not limited to church members.
• With the failure of the English Revolution,
  Puritans looked to create a permanent society in
  America based on their faith and ideals

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The Indians' New World
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Puritans and Pequots

• Seeing themselves as God's chosen people,
  Puritans tried to justify taking Indian lands.
• In 1636 Pequot warriors attacked English farmers
  who had intruded on their lands.
• Puritan militiamen and their Indian allies
  massacred about 500 Pequots, and many of the
  Pequot survivors were sold into slavery

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• English Puritans viewed the Indians as "savages"
  who did not deserve civilized treatment.
• Disease, military force, and Christianization
  eventually subdued the Indians of New England.
• By 1670 New England settlers were, at least
  temporarily, guaranteed safety.

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Restoration Colonies

• Six new colonies were founded or came under
  English rule during the Restoration era
  (1660-88).
• All were proprietary in form
• Proprietors sought to attract settlers from the
  older established colonies

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• The Restoration colonies made it easy for
  settlers to acquire land
• all promised either toleration or full religious
  liberty (christians)

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• With the exception of William Penn, the new
  proprietors were Cavaliers.
• supported Charles II and his brother James, duke
  of York, during their long exile.
• Charles was indebted to them
• colonial charter cost the crown nothing to
  grant.

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• New York An Experiment in Absolutism
• West New Jersey
• Pennsylvania

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The Puritan Imagination and Witchcraft

• Puritans thought that the physical world was full
  of supernatural forces.
• Between 1647 and 1662, Puritans hanged fourteen
  people for witchcraft.
• In 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts, 175 people were
  arrested and 20 were hanged for witchcraft.

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• Popular revulsion against the executions dealt a
  blow to the dominance of religion in public life
  there were no more legal prosecutions for
  witchcraft after 1692.
• The European Enlightenment helped promote a more
  rational view of the world.
• Puritans instituted land-distribution policies
  that encouraged the development of self
  governing communities.

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• Puritans believed in a social and economical
  hierarchy the largest plots of land were given
  to men of high social status.
• All male heads of families received some land a
  society of independent yeomen farmers emerged,
  and all had a voice in town meetings.
• Town meetings chose selectmen, levied taxes, and
  enacted ordinances and regulations.
• As the number of towns increased, so did their
  power enhancing local control.

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Metacom's War

• By the 1670s, whites in New England numbered
  55,000 while Indians numbered 16,000.
• Seeking to stop the European advance, the
  Wampanoag leader Metacom forged an alliance with
  the Narragansett and Nipmuck peoples in 1675.
• The group attacked white settlements throughout
  New England, and the fighting continued until
  Metacom's death in 1676.

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• Losses were high on both sides, but the Indians
  losses were worse 25 percent of the Indians'
  already diminished population died from war or
  disease.
• Many survivors were sold into slavery in the
  Caribbean, including Metacom's family.
• The defeated Algonquian peoples lost their land
  and the integrity of their traditional cultures.

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The Fur Trade and the Inland Peoples

• The greatest threat to Indian cultures came from
  wars and epidemics brought by the fur trade,
  nonetheless, the Iroquois fought to gain control
  of the fur trade with the French and Dutch

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• The Iroquois allowed a number of Jesuit
  missionaries in Iroquoia.
• In 1680 the Iroquois again had to battle for
  control of the fur trade.
• Disease, sickness from liquor, and neglected
  artisan skills were the fur trade's legacy.
• Constant warfare shifted power from Indian elders
  to young warriors.
• The fur trade profoundly altered the natural
  environment.

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• The Chesapeake colonies came to be dominated by
  elite planter-landlords and merchants.
• Social tensions reached a breaking point in
  Virginia during William Berkeley's regime
  Berkeley gave tax-free land grants to himself and
  members of his council.
• The corrupt House of Burgesses changed the voting
  system to exclude landless freemen distressed
  property-holding yeomen rose in rebellion against
  the planter elite.

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Bacon's Rebellion

• Poor freeholders wanted the Indians removed from
  the lands along the frontier.
• Wealthy planter-merchants were opposed they
  wanted to maintain the Indian labor supply and to
  continue trading for furs with the Native
  Americans.
• Militiamen began killing Indians and the Indians
  retaliated by killing whites.
• Not wanting the fur trade disrupted, Governor
  Berkeley proposed building frontier forts.

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• Nathaniel Bacon, a member of the governor's
  council, led a protest against Berkeley's
  strategy Bacon and his men killed a number of
  Indians and triggered a political upheaval.
• Realizing Bacon's military power, Berkeley agreed
  to political reforms and restored voting rights
  to landless freemen.

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• Bacon's men burned Jamestown to the ground and
  issued a "Manifesto and Declaration of the
  People," demanding removal of all Indians and an
  end to the rule of wealthy "parasites."
• Bacon's rebellion prompted tax cuts, a limit to
  the governor's authority, and the expansion into
  Indian lands.
• To forestall another rebellion, laws were
  enacted to legalize African slavery.