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ALIEN ENCOUNTERS: EUROPE IN THE AMERICAS Columbus and the Discovery of America Christopher Columbus reached the West Indies on October 12, 1492 – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: ALIEN ENCOUNTERS: EUROPE IN THE AMERICAS


1
ALIEN ENCOUNTERS EUROPE IN THE AMERICAS
  • Columbus and the Discovery of America
  • Christopher Columbus reached the West Indies on
    October 12, 1492
  • by the fifteenth century, western Europeans
    discover direct routes to the East
  • Prince Henry of Portugal sponsored improvements
    in navigation and voyages of exploration

2
  • Spains American Empire
  • in 1493, Pope divided the non-Christian world
    between Spain and Portugal
  • Portugal concentrated on Africa and Brasil
  • Spain concentrated on the Caribbean and Americas
  • The Indian and the European
  • European technological superiority, particularly
    in instruments of war, provided the tools for
    domination

3
  • Relativity of Cultural Values
  • Europeans regarded as heathens because the did
    not worship the Christian God
  • most Indians were deeply religious
  • some Europeans believed Indians were minions of
    Satan, unworthy of Christianity
  • some, such as Spanish friars attempted to convert
    them
  • Indians exploited the land as Europeans did

4
  • fished, hunted, modified vegetation and
    wildlife
  • different approaches to land and government led
    to conflict
  • even in warfare, the two cultures differed
  • Indians fought to display valor, avenge insult,
    or to acquire captives
  • Europeans fought with the intent to obliterate
    the enemy

5
  • Disease and Population Losses
  • Europeans brought with them diseases for which
    Indians had no immunities, particularly smallpox
    and measles
  • these diseases devastated Indian populations
  • Spains European Rivals
  • Spain dominated exploration of the Americas
    during 16th century due to its internal stability
  • but corruption over gold and silver began to
    erode this stability and the disruption of the
    Catholic church undermined Spanish power

6
  • The Protestant Reformation
  • the sale of indulgences and the luxurious
    life-styles of popes led to a challenge by
    reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin
  • in England, Henry VIIIs search for a male heir
    led him to split from Rome when the Pope refused
    him a divorce

7
  • English Beginnings in America
  • Queen Elizabeth supported the explorations of
    English joint-stock companies and encouraged
    privateers, such as Sir Francis Drake, to plunder
    Spanish merchant shipping
  • she supported colonization of New World
  • in 1587Sir Walter Raleigh settled Roanoke Island
  • after the Spanish Armada was destroyed, Spain
    could not stop English colonization of New World

8
  • The Settlement of Virginia
  • London Company established first permanent
    English settlement in America at Jamestown in
    1607
  • half the settlers died during first winter
    because of mismanagement, ignorance of
    environment, and scarcity of people skilled in
    manual labor and agriculture
  • London Company encouraged useless pursuits such
    as searching for gold rather than building a
    settlement

9
  • settlement survived in part because Captain John
    Smith recognized the importance of building
    houses and raising food
  • aid from Native Americans
  • settlers realization that they must produce
    their own food and the introduction of tobacco as
    a cash crop saved the colony
  • James I revoked the companys charter in 1624,
    and Virginia became a royal colony

10
  • Purifying the Church of England
  • Under Elizabeth I, the Church of England became
    the official church
  • Elizabeth Is middle way
  • Catholics who could not reconcile themselves left
    the country
  • others practiced their faith in private
  • other sects of Protestantism formed

11
  • Puritans who objected to the rich vestments, the
    use of candles, and the use of music in services
    Puritans belief in predestination also set them
    apart from the Anglican church
  • Some Puritans, later called Congregationalists,
    also favored autonomy for individual churches
  • Others, called Presbyterians, favored an
    organization that emanated up from the churches
    rather than down from the top
  • Puritan fears that James I leaned towards
    Catholicism further alienated them from the
    Anglican church

12
  • Bradford and Plymouth Colony
  • English Separatists set sail from Plymouth,
    England, on the Mayflower to settle near the
    northern boundary of Virginia
  • since they were outside jurisdiction of London
    Company, they drew up the Mayflower Compact
  • a mutually agreed upon covenant that established
    a set of political rules
  • they elected William Bradford their first governor

13
  • Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay Colony
  • a group of Puritans formed the Massachusetts Bay
    Company
  • obtained a grant to the area between the Charles
    and Merrimack rivers
  • they founded Boston in 1630
  • elected John Winthrop governor
  • founders established an elected legislature
  • voters and members of the legislature had to be
    members of the church
  • Under Charles I, Puritans were persecuted in
    England, and the Great Migration of Puritans to
    Massachusetts Bay took place in the 1630s

14
  • Troublemakers
  • Several groups dissented from the Massachusetts
    Bay colony
  • Roger Williams opposed alliance of church and
    civil government and championed the fair
    treatment of Indians
  • Banished from the colony, he founded the town of
    Providence and later established the colony of
    Rhode Island and Providence Plantation

15
  • Anne Hutchinson preached that those possessed of
    saving grace were exempt from rules of good
    behavior
  • General Court charged Hutchinson with defaming
    the clergy, brought her to trial, and banished
    her
  • Hutchinson and her followers left Massachusetts
    for Rhode Island in 1637

16
  • Other New England Colonies
  • Congregations from Massachusetts settled in the
    Connecticut River valley
  • a group headed by Reverend Thomas Hooker founded
    Hartford in 1836
  • their instrument of government, the Fundamental
    Orders
  • did not limit voting to church members

17
  • French and Dutch Settlements
  • England was not alone in challenging Spain's
    dominance in the New World.
  • French planted colonies in the West Indies and,
    through the explorations of Cartier and
    Champlain, laid claim to much of the Saint
    Lawrence River area
  • Dutch also established themselves in the
    Caribbean and founded the colony of New
    Netherland in the Hudson Valley

18
  • Maryland and the Carolinas
  • in 17th century, English colonization shifted to
    proprietary efforts
  • proprietors hoped to obtain profit and political
    power
  • Maryland was one of the first proprietary
    colonies
  • established under a grant to the Calvert family
  • Lord Baltimore hoped not only to profit but to
    create a refuge for Catholics

19
  • Catholics remained a minority in the colony, and
    Baltimore agreed to the Toleration Act
  • guaranteed freedom of religion to all Christians
  • in what is now known as the Carolinas,
    proprietors, with the help of John Locke, drafted
    a plan of government called Fundamental
    Constitutions
  • two separate societies emerged in Carolina
  • north was poorer and more primitive
  • Charleston colony to the south developed an
    economy based on trade in fur and on the export
    of foodstuffs

20
  • The Middle Colonies
  • British eventually ousted the Dutch from New
    Amsterdam, which became New York
  • Quakers settled in New Jersey and Pennsylvania
    and there they drafted an extremely liberal
    constitution that guaranteed settlers freedom of
    conscience
  • William Penn, proprietor of Pennsylvania, treated
    the Indians fairly and permitted freedom of
    worship to all who believed in God Penns ideas
    were more paternalistic than democratic

21
  • Indians and Europeans as Americanizers
  • relationship between Native Americans and
    Europeans best characterized as interactive
  • Indians taught colonists how to grow food, what
    to wear, and new forms of transportation
  • Native Americans adopted European technology
    (especially weapons), clothing, and alcohol
  • out of the interaction between cultures came
    something new and distinctively American
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