university of jos low emotional intelligence, drug abuse and

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UNIVERSITY OF JOS

• LOW EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, DRUG ABUSE
• AND CHILD MALTREATMENT
• IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL WORK
  SERVICES.
•  

INAUGURAL LECTURE   BY   GRAY GOZIEM
EJIKEME   Dip. SW., B.Sc., (Lagos), PGDE, M.Sc.,
MSSW, Ph.D., Cert. in Drugs (N.J) VRS
(MI) Professor of Clinical Psychology Social
Work Department of Sociology Faculty of Social
Sciences University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria    
UNIJOS INAUGURAL LECTURE SERIES 40 MARCH 5,
2010  
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LOW EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, DRUG ABUSE AND CHILD
MALTREATMENTIMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL AND
SOCIAL WORK SERVICES

•  GRAY GOZIEM EJIKEME
• Dip. SW., B.Sc.,(Lagos), PGDE, M.Sc., MSSW,
  Ph.D.,Cert. in Drugs (N.J) VRS (MI)
• Professor of Clinical Psychology Social Work
• Department of Sociology
• Faculty of Social Sciences
• University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
• E-Mail ejikemegg_at_yahoo.com
•  
• THE UNIVERSITY OF JOS INAUGURAL LECTURE SERIES 
• This 40 th Inaugural Lecture was delivered under
  the
• Chairmanship of
•  
•  

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  The Vice-Chancellor Professor Sonny Gwanle
Tyoden B.Sc. (Ibadan), M.A., Ph.D
(Lancaster)    Published By Information and
Publications Division University of Jos, Jos.
Nigeria   March 5, 2010   Printed at Jos
University Press Ltd
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  PROFESSOR GRAY GOZIEM EJIKEME Dip. SW., B.Sc.,
(Lagos), PGDE, M.Sc., MSSW, Ph.D.,Cert. in Drugs
(N.J) VRS (MI) Professor of Clinical Psychology
Social Work Department of Sociology Faculty of
Social Sciences University of Jos, Jos,
Nigeria E-Mail ejikemegg_at_yahoo.com
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LOW EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, DRUG ABUSE AND CHILD
MALTREATMENTIMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL AND
SOCIAL WORK SERVICES.
Introduction Mr. Vice-Chancellor, the Deputy
Vice-Chancellors (Academic and Administration)
and other Principal Officers, Deans and
Directors, Heads of Departments, Members of the
University Community, My Professional Colleagues
in the Practice of Psychology and Social Work,
Distinguished Guests and Friends of the
University, Gentlemen of the Press, Great
Josites, Ladies and Gentlemen, I humbly stand
before you to deliver my inaugural lecture
entitled Low Emotional Intelligence, Drug Abuse
and Child Maltreatment Implications for
Psychological and Social Work Services. To God
be the glory for making this memorable day and
giving us the grace to rejoice today and always.
I also give God glory and honour for the
opportunity to speak as an inaugural lecturer
while you listen.
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Low emotional intelligence, drug (substance)
abuse and child maltreatment are urgent health
and social problems which have implications for
the mental health of individuals, families,
communities and the society in which all of these
exist. Each of these is capable of separate
existence in an individual and they can also
coexist in a person at the same time. Ejikeme
(2000, 2002) examined the nature and scope of
co-morbidity, co-occurrence or co-existence of
drug abuse, mental distress, emotional abuse,
child maltreatment and related mental health
problems in Nigeria and also in Michigan. A
literature-based, desk study was carried out by
the inaugural lecturer, using (a) the rich
computing resources of the University of Michigan
School of Social Work, (b) academic contacts with
some United Nations Development Program
Leadership Development Program (LDP) resource
persons in some Nigerian universities, and (c)
scholarly exchanges of ideas and experiences with
some Psychology and Social Work faculty members
who are experts in the areas of emotional
intelligence, drug abuse and child maltreatment
for the purpose of increasing the existing
knowledge of the nature and scope of these
problems, their relationships, demonstrating the
need to address the problems by educating people
on EI especially in an era of rapid social change
and global financial crisis known as global
economic meltdown characterized by increasing
waves of poverty, inflation, unemployment, and
social deprivation and exclusion in Nigeria. Many
individuals, families, communities, particularly
people with deficits in emotion regulation and
low frustration tolerance who are unable to cope
with the rapid rate of change tend to be
dislocated and devastated as they encounter
increasing doses of stress. People who are unable
to cope with environmental stressors are at risk
for psychological disorders and social problems
and so, need the services of psychologists,
social workers and other mental health
professionals. The key terms in this inaugural
lecture- emotional intelligence, drug abuse and
child maltreatment are briefly conceptualized
before their co-morbidity, interconnections or
relationships, role in mental health professional
management are explored. The problems,
challenges, major concerns, opportunities and
prospects of psychological and social work
services in the global economic down-turn are
highlighted in the lecture.
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LOW EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE DRUG ABUSE AND CHILD
MALTREATMENT POWER POINT PRESENTATION

• INTRODUCTION
• Low emotional intelligence, drug (substance)
  abuse and child maltreatment are urgent health
  and social problems
• The need to address them especially during the
  global economic downturn
• An era when many militants and perpetrators of
  crises engage in religious extremism, acid
  attack/bath, destruction of lives and property,
  burning of human beings and houses.
• A persons level of emotional intelligence is low
  if he or she has deficits in emotion regulation
  and lacks self-control in relating to self and
  other people. Such a person needs the services of
  psychologists, social workers, and other helping
  professionals.
• People with emotion regulation deficit (low level
  of emotional intelligence) are highly at risk for
  psychological disorders and so need the services
  of psychologists and social workers.

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DEFINING CONCEPTS

• Emotion
• The centrality of emotion as an aspect of
  attitude.
• Emotion plays a prominent role in our lives. The
  happiness people feel at graduation
  ceremonieswhen promotedwhen a new baby arrives.
  The pain experienced when your research
  supervisor fails you.
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• HOW PEOPLE IN ACADEMICS HANDLE EMOTIONS IN CRISES
  SITUATIONS
• Flare up of tension between striking
  University-based labour Unions
• Violent feelings and the need for psychotherapy
  and social casework on campus
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• EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EI) AND INTELLIGENCE
  QUOTIENT (1Q)
• How emotional intelligence can matter more than
  1Q
• High 1Q does not guarantee success in life or
  that a genius will be unruffled by stress
• Being found worthy in character reflects high EQ
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• EMOTION REGULATION OR MODULATION
• Effectiveness in emotion regulation as a central
  goal in psychology and social work.
• Self control
• It is one of the competencies of Emotional
  Intelligence
• Low self-control is a psychopathological problem
• Self monitors can be high or low.
• Scholars with low self-monitors and highly
  subjective self-concept tend to claim to have the
  monopoly of ideas.
• Inaccurate self-concept and drug use.

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• ANXIETY AND MOOD DISORDERS
• Both negative and positive emotions impact on
  cognition and behaviour
• Anxiety and anger are at the root of substance
  abuse, child abuse and mayhem.
• Types of anxiety
• Rumours cause anxiety. HIV anxiety disturbs.
  Anxiety that one will develop liver cirrhosis due
  to pathological drinking.
• Displacement of anger e.g., adults unleash anger
  on children.
•  STRESS
• It is an unpleasant emotional reaction due to the
  perception of an event to be threatening, scary
  and disturbing
• The perception of mayhem, confusion and fear,
  usually caused by violent behaviour of hoodlums,
  terrorists, kidnappers or some sudden traumatic
  event or crisis can lead to stress.
• Crisis situation, a time of great danger,
  confusion, uncertainty, tension, difficulty, when
  problems must be solved, urgent decisions must be
  made to prevent complete breakdown and
  psychological/social disorder

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• EFFECTS OF STRESS
• Reduced impulse control- associated with low EI.
  Pathological drug use can cause it.
• Child abuse and drug abuse especially as means
  of dealing with posttraumatic stress disorder
• Psychological and medical disorders
• TYPES OF STRESS
• Frustration-when we are provoked, displaced
  aggression becomes a common response.
• Conflict
• Change, e.g., frequent changes in lecture /exam
  time-table
• Pressure
•  
• DRUG USE
• Definition of a drug
•  
• DRUG ABUSE
• Types of drugs
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• DRUG AND EMOTIONAL REACTIONS
• Personality characteristics and emotional
  reactions

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• CHILD MALTREATMENT
• Harm inflicted on a child by an adult
• Types of child maltreatment physical, emotional
  or psychological, child neglect and child sexual
  abuse
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• LITERATURE REVIEW
• The concept of co-morbidity using DSM-V-TR 2000
• Severe mental illness with mild drug use problem
• Severe drug problem with mild mental illness
• Implications of co-morbidity for treatment by
  psychologists and social workers.
• The need for team work approach to treatment
• Substance abuse disorder can coexist with various
  types of child maltreatment.
• Substance abuse coexists with emotional abuse
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• CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK
• Opportunities and Prospects
•  
• THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Social Disorganisation theory
• Inability of a neighbourhood to exercise social
  control

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• DRUG AVAILABILITY
• Drug availability and use and mental health
  status
• Relatively cheaper but more potent chemical
  substances
• Alcohol /goskolo outlets and high risk
  neighbourhood
• The perception of goats as human beings
• Perception of mother as wife under drug influence
• ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY
• The attractiveness of alcohol outlets
• The power of the situation- the behaviour, the
  person and situation or environment
• The individuals definition of the situation
• PARENTING AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
• Ineffective parenting and low self-control
• Low self-emotion control and misbehaviour
• Indicators of ineffective parenting
• Robert K. Mertons theory of Deviance-conformists,
  rebels, retreatists, innovators and ritualists

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• FINDINGS FROM LITERATURE SEARCH
• Emotions, Drug attitudes and Behaviour
• Behaviours including child abuse and neglect are
  influenced by emotions.
• Attitude towards a drug or a child is enduring
• The emotion or sensation a drug stimulates is
  momentary.
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• EMOTIONS AND DRUG ABUSE BEHAVIOUR
• Dialectical relationship between beliefs and
  emotions
• Beliefs influence drug use behaviour
• Attitude-Behaviour Discrepancy
• Theory of cognitive dissonance
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• EMOTIONS AND BEHAVIOURAL TENDENCIES
• Emotions shape beliefs.
• Intensions shaped by emotional tendencies.
  Disliking your child can lead to child
  abandonment.
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• EMOTIONS AND CHILD MALTREATMENT
• Level of EI influences how parents and other
  adults relate to childrens needs and problems
• Modifying parental guidance
• Blaming your spouse
• Seeking professional help
• Resignation, learned helplessness.
• The belief that juvenile delinquency is caused by
  evil machination by the wicked and depression
• Depression and self-medication
• Low self-control and maladaptive behaviour-child
  battering and drug abuse
• Low emotional intelligence, drug abuse and child
  maltreatment are linked

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• CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
• Their roles assessment, diagnosis, treatment,
  prevention, and rehabilitation of cases of
  emotion dysregulation, drug abuse and child
  maltreatment.
• Construction, development, standardization,
  administration of psychological tests.
  Interpretation of test scores and reporting test
  outcome. Reconciliation, reconstruction and
  rehabilitation of traumatised/troubled minds
  after crisis. PTSD
•  
• CLINICAL SOCIAL WORKERS
• Their roles as members of the mental health team
  in hospitals.
• Their specialized training enables them serve as
  consultants to other team
• members and also undertake home visits.
• They use the methods of social work
• THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
  INTERFACE
• Social psychology concepts that relate to
  clinical psychology. Their areas of overlap
• Thinking styles and stress. Our self-concepts,
  what we think about other people can lead to mood
  disorders
• Difficulties in social interaction and
  psychological disorders can lead to drug abuse
  and child maltreatment
• How to change maladaptive or deviant attitudes
  such as attitudes to drugs, negative attitudes
  towards children

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• BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH TO EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE,
  DRUG ABUSE AND CHILD MALTREATMENT
• Unlike the Freudian approach, how to eliminate
  maladaptive behavoiur is the immediate focus
• Observable behaviours such as yelling, flare-ups,
  shouting, lashing or striking out, deviant
  drinking and child abuse are indicative of lack
  of impulse control, low emotional intelligence
  and deficits in emotion regulation. These overt
  forms of behaviour can be changed by applying
  learning principles of behaviour therapy
• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Observational learning
• The techniques of behaviour therapy
• PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL WORK SERVICES
• Systematic desensitizsation
• Aversive therapy
• Token Economy
• Social casework, Group work and Community
  Development/ Organization

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• STRESS MANAGEMENT
• Synopsis of Psychological and Social Work
  Services for People in Stressful and Abusive
  Situations 
• Helping individuals, families and communities to
  be sensitive to cues of anger
• Educating people on how to have empowering
  interpretations of stressful events, reversing
  negative thought patterns and relaxation training
  technique of behaviourists
• Using relaxation training technique to explaining
  how tense muscles can be relaxed by taking some
  time out
• Encouraging people to engage in self-disclosure-
  It entails high emotional intelligence
• Finding out if a client is involved in paying
  elective attention on the problem or emotion?
• The level of confidence that one is in control,
  level of assertiveness to be determined by the
  psychologist or social worker.
• Social workers are to ensure the availability and
  Accessibility of Social Support Network,
  including
• Provision of social environment, interaction with
  caring people, confidants, close associates,
  professionals
• Provision of materials and economic conditions,
  money, gifts
• Provision of information, health information
• Networking, linking with help sources
• Provision of guidance and counseling for problem
  solution
• Check the pathological use of Defense
  mechanisms-unconscious reactions protecting one
  from unpleasant situations, scary thoughts,
  disturbing emotions, and memories that can lead
  to psychological breakdown-A lecturer that has
  not been promoted can deceive himself by saying
  that his employers do not like his face.

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• EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON PARENTING
• Some parenting styles are exemplary some parents
  lead by example, others do not
• Children tend to copy adult examples
• Clinical psychologists and social workers can
  assist parents with co-occurring disorders.
• Drug-dependent parents and those that use
  children to buy and sell drugs are not good role
  models
• A parent who is a terrorist in the family has low
  EI
• Parents who frequently engage in spousal abuse
  and live like cats and dogs need psychotherapy
  and social casework.
• Social workers educate on parenting skills

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• SOCIAL WORKERS NEED TO BE EDUCATED ON EI
• Controlled emotional involvement
• Empathy and not sympathy
• A helping professional should be friendly,
  humble, supportive, caring, smiling and not
  arrogant and intimidating
• Acceptance of client regardless of his or her
  ethnic origin, religion or social class.
• The use of non-judgmental attitude
• ATTITUDE CHANGE FOR HIGH EI AND NATIONAL
  DEVELOPMENT
• If we can change attitudes of perpetrators of
  crises, we can change their society
• If we can change drug attitudes, we can change
  some maladaptive behaviour including the
  expression of poor EI, drug or child abuse
• Our behaviour towards those we like or dislike
• High EI enhances tolerance of other people
• Attitudes can be changed through persuasive
  communication and action

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• Attitude change and Transformational Leadership
• Changing attitudes for national development
  entails transformational leadership.
• Leadership potential resides in everyone
• The answer to our problems- low EI, drug abuse,
  child maltreatment, sectarian crisis is in us
• Self-motivated attitude change is possible and
  change should start with the individual. Who you
  are is important.
• The individual has to be transformed in terms of
  his or her thought, emotions and behaviour to be
  effective in transforming others.
• It entails thinking outside the box and
  overcoming the box problem in thinking, feeling
  and acting. What is it I am doing or not doing
  that is responsible for my low emotional
  intelligence, drug use behaviour, maltreatment of
  children and involvement in ethnic crisis or any
  other form of criminal violence? It demands the
  use of IQ and EI
• Taking responsibility for any of these problems
  is indicative of the competencies of emotional
  intelligence- self-awareness, social awareness,
  self-control, and relationship management.
• Breakdowns are to be converted to breakthroughs
  and should not lead to emotional crisis and child
  battering or displacement of aggression.
• Commitment to positive change

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• ATTITUDE CHANGE AND SOCIAL STRUCTURAL
  TRANSFORMATION
• Attitude change is necessary but not sufficient
• Social /emotional support reduces stress.
• While social/emotional support can prevent
  post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social
  support alone may not guarantee that there would
  be no re-occurrence of bad moods, terrorism,
  militancy, kidnapping or civil crisis.
• There is the need for equitable provision of
  social welfare services
• SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
• Current literature used to discuss low EI, drug
  (substance) abuse child maltreatment as urgent
  health and social problems
• The need to address these problems by educating
  Nigerians on EI
• Especially in an era of high waves of militant or
  terrorist attacks, kidnapping, ethnic and
  religious violence, political crisis, child
  abuse, other acts of criminal violence associated
  with poor EI and substance abuse.
• These problems can be changed through attitude
  change
• Psychological and Social Work services can
  contribute to the amelioration of the health,
  psychological and social problems identified in
  this guest lecture

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• Acknowledgements
•  
• Mr. Vice-Chancellor, sir, at this point in my
  lecture, I wish to thank all those that have been
  caring, supportive and helpful in relating to me
  in my career in very significant ways up to date
  including those that are unable to attend the
  lecture. I will always give God the first place
  in my life without him I can do nothing but with
  God all things are possible in our lives. With a
  grateful heart I give thanks, glory and honour to
  God for giving me the grace of breath, and making
  me who I am especially in relation to Christ
  Jesus and my academics. I am grateful to
  Professor Sonni Gwanle Tyoden (Vice- Chancellor
  of the University of Jos), the other principal
  officers of the University of Jos, my
  professional colleagues, members of staff of this
  great institution, Great Josites, friends of the
  University, my family members (Theresa Uchechi,
  Maureen Ugochi, Rosemary Nkiruka and Samuel
  Ikechi), Gentlemen of the Press, ladies and
  gentlemen.
•  
•  

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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
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