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Title: Global Observation of Forest Cover GOFC: Fire


1
Global Observation of Forest Cover (GOFC) Fire
Chris Justice GOFC-Fire Implementation Team Leade
r
University of Maryland
2
GOFC Fire rationale
  • Extreme fire events are raising public awareness
    as to the significance of fire monitoring and
    management
  • Fires are an important resource management issue
    and an important aspect of global change
    research
  • Fires are a hazard - a topic of the IGOS-P
    Disaster Management Support Group (DMSG) which is
    focusing on data requirements and in particular
    near real-time data provision for fire fighting
  • Currently remote sensing of fire falls largely in
    the research domain there is a need to
    transition tested methods and techniques into the
    operational domain and to develop robust
    procedures to provide improved information
  • A significant improvement in the provision of
    operational satellite fire data is needed and
    feasible and is largely a question of
    coordination and agency commitment

3
GOFC-Fire and Resource Management
  • Fire management is increasingly important
  • Fire management includes prevention, detection,
    pre-suppression and suppression, post fire
    assessment
  • Good fire management requires an understanding of
    fire ecology (there is an overlap with the GC
    community interests)
  • Remote sensing can provide input at different
    stages of fire management decision making
  • Policy planning
  • Strategic planning
  • Management occurrence and behavior prediction
  • Operations response decision
  • Remote sensing only satisfies part of the
    information needs
  • Field data are essential for fire management
  • Remote sensing is most useful when integrated
    with GIS
  • Remote sensing can also contribute to the
    development of fire behavior models
  • DMSG looking at required information
    requirements for fire suppression (15 minute
    response)

4
Example Information Needs for Fire and Natural
Resource Management
  • GIS data layers (forest and land use maps,
    digital terrain data, roads etc)
  • Fire history
  • Fire susceptibility
  • Fuel load
  • Fuel condition (mesoscale weather input)
  • Active fire mapping
  • near real-time fire location, size, intensity
  • fire behavior models
  • Burned area mapping/ estimation
  • Fire fighting feature detection e.g. cut lines,
    water resources
  • Smoke venting and dispersion
  • End of season fire mapping post fire assessment


5
GOFC-Fire in GC Research
  • Source of Trace Gas and Particulate Emissions
  • Effects on Biogeochemical Cycling e.g. carbon and
    nitrogen cycles
  • Indicator of Land Use Change e.g. tropical forest
    conversion
  • Impact on Land Surface Radiation Budget
  • surface albedo / burn scars
  • aerosols and cloud formation and radiative
    properties
  • Ecosystem Disturbance and Recovery composition
    and structure
  • Hydrological Cycling e.g. changes in
    evapotranspiration, run off
  • Land / Atmosphere Feedbacks
  • Interannual and decadal variability and changes
    in fire regimes
  • IPCC National Emission Inventories annual fire
    emissions

6
Information needs for Global Change Research
  • Operational Data Needs
  • Satellite Products
  • Primary Fire Information (stable record over
    decades)
  • Location
  • Timing of fires (as an input to emissions)
  • Burned area
  • Fire intensity / energy released
  • Return frequency
  • Related Products (associated w. annual emission
    estimates)
  • Vegetation type and parameters (e.g. tree
    cover, biomass)
  • Vegetation moisture content
  • Aerosol optical thickness / Aerosol
    characteristics
  • Distribution of traces gases e.g. CO,
    Tropospheric Ozone

Not including fire hazard alert
Products in development phase
7
Information needs for Global Change Research
Contd
  • In-situ Data Needs
  • Satellite Instrument Vicarious Calibration
  • Satellite Product Validation Data
  • Active fires
  • Burned area
  • Others
  • In-situ Data Needs Associated with Emissions
    Estimation
  • Sampled Emission Factors representative
    conditions
  • Sampled Fuel Loads model validation
  • Sampled AOT model validation
  • Ground Level Wind Speed assimilated data
  • Model Output Needs Associated with Emissions
    Estimation
  • Modeled annual primary production fuel load
  • Modeled trace-gas and particulate emissions

8
Associated Sensing System Requirements for Fire
  • Currently no one system meets all the global
    change user requirements
  • Spectral Characteristics
  • Mid-IR/Thermal (active fire)
  • Visible/Mid-IR/Microwave (burn scars)
  • Spatial Resolution
  • Sub-pixel detection of active fires (
    smoldering fires 10m by 10m ? )
  • Burn scar measurement - (100s m regional /10s m
    local ?)
  • Temporal Resolution
  • Daily fire occurrence (sampling of the diurnal
    cycle geostationary )
  • Annual area burned (some regions require
    time-series data through the year)
  • Coverage Requirements
  • Global coverage (e.g. global estimates, transport
    studies)
  • Regional coverage (e.g. IPCC national reporting,
    process studies)
  • Calibration Requirements (consistent data
    record)
  • Instrument stability
  • Geometric accuracy
  • Better definition and prioritization of
    requirements needed

9
Fire Data System Requirements
  • Data Quality (operational and science QA) needed
    for operational products
  • identify deviations from stated algorithm
    performance
  • identify impact of instrument degradation on
    product
  • provide users with information on data quality
  • Product Validation (using higher resolution
    imagery or ground data)
  • stated accuracy of the product over range of
    environmental conditions
  • validation data needs to be made available to
    users
  • Availability and Access (ease of access)
  • Easily accessible data including data from long
    term archives
  • Metadata on what is available and how to get it
  • Automated internet access preferable some
    demand for hard media
  • Cost (affordable to the user)
  • Price by compiled data set (i.e. time series)
    affordable at the individual project level
  • When requesting an annual time series users
    cannot afford charges for individual orbits
  • Timeliness of Delivery (in time to be useful)
  • 15 minutes for fire response /fighting
  • Availability 14 days after acquisition would
    satisfy most GC researchers needs
  • FTP pull within 24 hrs of availability, 7 days
    after ordering for media

10
Examples of Current and Planned Sensing Systems
  • Active Fire Detection
  • AVHRR, GOES, DMSP (operational systems)
  • TRMM, MODIS (AM), ATSR
  • Burned Area Estimation
  • Coarse/moderate Resolution
  • AVHRR, SeaWiFS, ATSR, VEGETATION
  • High Resolution
  • Landsat 7, SPOT
  • ASTER high resolution optical and thermal
  • ERS/JERS (not current), Radarsat
  • Hyperspectral data - EO-1
  • Hyper Spatial Resolution Ikonos
  • --------------------------------------------------
    ------------------------
  • Examples of Planned Systems (next 4 yrs)
  • MODIS (PM) active fire (standard) / burned area
    (experimental)
  • MERIS burned area
  • NPP VIIRS active fire and burned area
  • VCL vegetation structure
  • Others - Fuego, InSAR, MSG, GLI, BIRD

11
Areas for GOFC- Fire Activities
  • Enhancing existing products and improving access
    to current satellite data for fire monitoring
    e.g. providing data to the users
  • Helping to develop the user community
    strengthening regional networks of fire data
    users e.g. encouraging lateral transfer of
    appropriate technology, by providing consistent
    and reliable data
  • Demonstrating current capabilities and new
    technologies for fire monitoring e.g.
    implementing operational pilot projects what
    case can be made from previous studies?
  • Articulating the current and future remote
    sensing needs for fire monitoring and securing
    the long-term operational provision of fire
    information e.g. recommendations to CEOS
  • Research and Development priorities e.g.
    developing new techniques - building a foundation
    for future operational systems identifying
    opportunities for technology infusion and
    mechanisms for the transfer of technology and
    methods from research to operational mode

12
Summary of GOFC-Fire goals
  • Geostationary global fire network providing
    operational standard fire products (active fire)
    in a timely fashion
  • Polar orbiters (with fire monitoring capability)

  • providing operational moderate resolution
    long-term global fire products to meet user
    requirements and distributed ground stations
    providing regional products of known accuracy
    (active fire/burned area)
  • operational high resolution acquisition allowing
    post-fire assessments
  • Emissions product suites - developed and
    implemented at the regional scale input data
    and annual estimates made available
  • Product accuracy - fire validation sites and
    protocols established providing accuracy
    assessment for operational products and test bed
    for new or enhanced products
  • Enhanced user products - operational multi-source
    fire / GIS products - initial regional focus -
    Web based access
  • User Awareness increased understanding of the
    utility of satellite fire products for global
    change research, resource management and policy

13
Examples of Emerging GOFC Fire Projects
  • The expansion of the World Fire Web active fire
    monitoring network to global coverage with
    24-hour turnaround time.
  • The production of 1 km resolution regional and
    global area burned products, with moderate
    resolution sensors, such as ATSR , VGT and
    MODIS
  • The development of community demonstration
    projects, providing enhanced multi-source
    satellite data and GIS for selected regions of
    the world (w. WGISS GOFC TF)
  • Regional case studies of operational use of
    satellite fire data for fire management,
    emissions and smoke monitoring

14
MODIS Fire Products
  • MODIS 8-Day Composite Fire Product MOD14A1 Chris
    Justice, Louis Giglio
  • Level 3A daily, gridded (1 km) composite of the
    most-confident fire pixel detected in each grid
    cell. For convenience, eight days of data are
    packaged into a single file.
  • MODIS 8-Day Summary Fire Product MOD14A2 Chris
    Justice, Louis Giglio
  • Level 3A gridded (1 km) composite of the
    most-confident fire pixel detected in each grid
    cell over an eight-day compositing period.
  • MODIS Daily Level 2 Products (intermediate 3
    month archive) Chris Justice, Louis Giglio
  • L2 orbit granules _at_ 1km
  • L2G daily per tile _at_ 1km
  • MODIS Global Daily Fire Browse Product MOD14QA
    Jacques Descloitres
  • Level 3A daily, coarse-resolution (20 and 5 km)
    global summary fire product indicating areas in
    which active fires were detected.
  • MODIS 10 km Climate Modeling Product MOD14CMG1
    Yoram Kaufman
  • Level 3A monthly gridded statistical summary of
    consolidated fire pixels intended for use in
    regional and global modeling.
  • MODIS FIRE RAPID RESPONSE System (24-48hr
    response) Fire / Surface Reflectance
  • builds on the MODIS Web based 250m Distribution
    System March/April 2001

MODLAND/Justice et al
15
MODIS BrowseDec 10, 2000 Available at 20km and
5km at http//modland.nascom.nasa.gov/browse/
16
MODIS Fires, NW Australia, Oct 2, 2000
MODLAND/Justice et al
17
AVHRR (3.45am) MODIS
(10.30am)
MODLAND/Justice et al
Oct 2, 2000
18
TRMM VIRS-Derived Diurnal Burning Cycle (July)
Giglio/Kendall/Justice Jan. 2001
MODLAND/Giglio et al
19
MODIS Fire Pixels on 250M Surface Reflectance
N.W. Australia (Oct 2, 2000)
MODLAND/Justice et al
20
TOMS Aerosol Product
21
West Africa (Lake Tchad) details
Corrected for aerosol
Corrected for aerosol (Fires in Red)
MODIS Fire and Aerosol
Aerosol optical depth 470nm (Fires in Red)
22
MODIS Fire Energy (experimental)
MODLAND/Justice et al
Modland/Giglio
23
MODIS Burned Area Product Evaluation
Left burned area algorithm results - burning
over days 249-290 (500m) Right temporal composit
e of MODIS day and night active fires detected
over same period (1km) Key purple - beginning o
f the time series (day 249) red - end of ti
me series (day 290) white - insufficient data i
n the time series to make a burning decision
MODLAND/Roy
24
MODIS Fire Emissions
Korontzi S. and Justice C. (MODIS/UMD)
25
The Timbavati 1000-3000 hectare controlled burn,
Sept. 7, 2000
(24 21 56S, 31 15 40E).
AirMISR Image
NASA ER2 Flight 00-158 0821UT
MISR Image
MAS, composite 20, 7, 1,
MODIS,composite 6, 5, 2
TERRA 0828UT
The ER-2 observations were collected
seven minutes earlier than the Terra
overpass time
MODLAND/Alleaume/Swap
26
Active fire comparison between MODIS and ASTER
Terra Overpass Nov. 23, 2000 092452 UT
9.54 Lat, 21.53 Lon
MODIS Zoom Composite 2, 1, 4 Red dots, from Dail
y Fire Product MODIS (MOD14)
ASTER Scene Composite 3, 2, 1
27
ASTER
M O D I S
Hot spot (saturation in channel 9 (2.4 ?m))
Detected by MODIS Fire Product
Undetected by MODIS Fire Product
28
ASTER
MODIS
MODIS Active Fire Detection Validation
29
GOFC Observing System
  • Satellite
  • observations - from both operational and
    experimental
  • systems

Resource Management Users
High Order Analysis and Information Services
Global Change Research Users
In-situ observations for validation and model

parameterization
Policy Information Users
30
Example Community Data System Needs
  • Current products fall short of what is really
    needed multiple sources/formats/information
    content
  • Goal to make data available (within 48 hrs) for
    multiple current and future fire detection
    systems
  • Users need data produced by different algorithms
    and sensors on their PC in a form they can use
  • Need to generate value-added products
    (visualization tools/synthesis of fire and other
    datasets) with innovative data access, to support
    GOFC e.g. custom on-demand fire products, fire
    information portals combining data from fire data
    providers and other GIS/remote sensing products
  • One approach is to develop common interfaces for
    query and online data retrieval from differing
    sources (XML based) and publication of these
    interfaces within the GOFC group

31
GOFC Fire Working Group Example Deliverable WWW
Multi-source Fire Detection SystemOne Approach
Return Data
GMS
MODIS
ATSR
WWW portal(s)
AVHRR
Query
Other
DMSP
Combine fire and other data sources on the fly
Data Source Providers with a common format
product and interface
32
SEA Regional Information Network (SEARIN) Fire
Group Recommendations
  • Develop a continuing dialogue between GOFC fire
    users and producers to identify regional goals
    and implementation plans
  • Develop a prototype information network for
    forest fire monitoring
  • Including a catalog of region related fire data
    remote sensing,and ancillary data.
  • Continue to endorse network development and
    testing, and the definition of the regional fire
    user needs for networks
  • Reduce current obstacles to data product access
    e.g.
  • high operational cost of managing large,
    continuous quantities of data
  • the lack of internet for data access in some
    countries
  • confidentiality with certain national agencies
    concerning fire related data
  • Development of a harmonized data sets/maps from
    existing programs/products for each country
    basemaps for fuel types
  • Increased advocacy for support of GOFC-SEA
    regional scientist involvement e.g. data/info
    exchange, cooperation mechanisms.
  • Explore areas of space agency assistance to
    SEARIN for capacity building and training re. use
    of satellite data

Developed at the GOFC-SEA Bogor Meeting, January
2000, revised Tokyo February2001
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