Wheat Production

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Wheat Production

• AGRO 1033

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History of Wheat

• One of the oldest cultivated crops, evidence of
  cultivation 10 12,000 years ago!
• S.W. Asia origin, adapted to regions all over the
  world.
• Triticum genus, many cultivated species.

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History of WheatExamples of cultivated wheat
species.

• Common wheat, Triticum aestivum
• Club wheat, T. aestivum sub-species compactum
• Durum wheat, T. durum
• Spelt wheat, T. spelta
• Emmer wheat, T. dicoccon
• Wild emmer wheat, T. dcoccoides
• Poulard wheat, T. turgidum
• Polish wheat, T. polonicum
• Persian wheat, carthlicum
• Oriental wheat, T. turanicum
• Einkorn wheat, T. monococcum
• Timopheevi wheat, T. timopheevii

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club
einkorn
common
emmer
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Seedhead Morphology can vary
Awnless (beardless)
Awned (bearded)
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U.S.D.A. Classes
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Hard red winter wheat (HRWW)

• Main bread flour wheat
• Most acreage in U.S.
• Gluten a protein in the endosperm that gives
  wheat its quality baking.

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Hard red spring wheat (HRSW)

• Bread flour wheat
• Colder climates
• Spring planted

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Soft red winter wheat (SRWW)

• Used in blends, biscuits, pancakes
• Southeastern and Eastern U.S.
• Fall planted

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Duram wheat

• Used in pasta
• Creamy yellow flour
• Grown mostly in the Dakotas, Canada

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White or club wheat

• Used in fine pastries and blends
• Soft and hard types
• Grown mostly in the Pacific NW

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Botany of Wheat

• Cool season annual.
• Needs vernalization (cold treatment during
  seedling stage needed to trigger reproductive
  growth).
• Spike inflorescence.
• Has 2-15 tillers depending on species, variety,
  plant density and N nutrition.

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Feekes Growth Stage Codes
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Feekes Growth Stages
3.0
1.0
6.0
9.0
10.1
10.5
Combines Roll!
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Production - Establishment

• Seeded in Oct. with grain drill.
• About 1.5 2 bu/ac
• Prepared seedbed or no-till
• Select two or more high yielding varieties with
  different disease resistances

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Production - Fertility

• P, K applied in fall pre-plant ASTR
• N applied at Feekes 3-5
• Rates 60-135 all at once or split

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Production Weed control

• Main weeds are winter broadleaf, annual ryegrass,
  wild garlic
• Several herbicide options, some have to be
  applied in fall to known weed problems

Ann. ryegrass
Wild garlic
henbit
Carolina Geranium
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Production Insect control

• Just a few insects to be concerned with
• Control by careful scouting during critical
  growth and season of potential outbreaks
• Timely use of approved insecticides if needed.

Armyworm
Greenbug aphid
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Production Insect control, Hessian fly

• Major pest
• Maggot kills wheat seedlings
• Controlled culturally by 1) planting after the
  fly-free date and 2) resistant varieties

Hessian fly maggot
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Production Disease control

• Main types of disease organisms
• Rusts (stripe, stem, leaf)
• Blotches (leaf, glume)
• Mildews (powdery, downy)
• Virus (barley yellow dwarf, wheat streak mosiac)
• Others (take all)

Stripe rust
Stem rust
Glume blotch
Powdery mildew
Barley yellow dwarf virus
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Production disease control

• Select high yielding varieties
• Have good field drainage
• Dont over plant or over fertilize with N
• Plant different varieties with different disease
  resistances and maturity
• Scout, especially from boot stage on
• Timely use of approved fungicides if needed

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Wheat - Milling