LAKES AND PONDS ECOSYSTEM - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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LAKES AND PONDS ECOSYSTEM

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Title: LAKES AND PONDS ECOSYSTEM


1
LAKES AND PONDS ECOSYSTEM
2
Ponds and Lakes
  • Range in size from just a few square meters to
    thousands of square kilometers.
  • Ponds may be seasonal, lasting just a couple of
    months (such as sessile pools).
  • Lakes may exist for hundreds of years or more.

3
Ponds and Lakes
  • May have limited species diversity
  • they are often isolated from one another and from
    other water sources like rivers and oceans.
  • Most ponds and lakes have outlet streams and both
    are generally temporary features on the landscape

4
Formation of Lakes and Ponds
  • Some of the oldest lakes and ponds (more than
    three hundred thousand years old) were formed by
    tectonic activity related to movement of Earth's
    crust.
  • EXAMPLE Lake Baikal in Siberia formed from the
    movement of tectonic plates and is the largest
    freshwater lake by volume in the world.

5
Formation of Lakes and Ponds
  • Lakes and ponds are formed through a variety of
    events, including glacial, tectonic, and volcanic
    activity.
  • Most lakes and ponds form as a result of glacial
    processes.
  • As a glacier retreats, it may leave behind an
    uneven surface containing hollows that fill with
    water.

6
Formation of Lakes and Ponds
  • Volcanic activity can also lead to lake and pond
    formation.
  • EXAMPLE the collapse of a volcanic cone of Mount
    Mazama in Oregon led to the formation of Crater
    Lake, the seventh deepest lake in the world.

7
Lake Baikal
Crater Lake , Oregon
8
Ponds and Lakes
  • Temperature varies seasonally.
  • During summer the temp. is from 4C near the
    bottom to 22C at the top.
  • During winter the temp. is from 4 C while the
    top is 0 C (ice).
  • during the spring and fall seasons is a mixing of
    the top and bottom layers resulting in a uniform
    water temperature of around 4 C.

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Ponds and Lakes
  • divided into four different zones determined by
    depth and distance from the shoreline
  • littoral zone
  • limnetic zone
  • profundal zone
  • Photic zone
  • Benthic zone

11
Littoral Zone
Limnetic Zone
Photic Zone
Profundal (aphotic) zone
Benthic Zone
12
Littoral Zone
  • warmest since it is shallow and can absorb more
    of the Suns heat
  • sustains a fairly diverse community
  • several species of algae (like diatoms)
  • rooted and floating aquatic plants
  • grazing snails
  • Clams
  • Insects
  • Crustaceans
  • Fishes
  • amphibians

13
Littoral Zone
  • the egg and larvae stages of some insects are
    found in this zone
  • vegetation and animals living in the littoral
    zone are food for other creatures such as
    turtles, snakes, and ducks

14
Limnetic Zone
  • near-surface open water surrounded by the
    littoral zone
  • well-lighted (like the littoral zone) and is
    dominated by plankton, both phytoplankton and
    zooplankton
  • plankton are small organisms that play a crucial
    role in the food chain most life would not be
    possible without them
  • variety of freshwater fish also occupy this zone

15
Profundal Zone
  • much colder and denser
  • little light penetrates all the way through the
    limnetic zone into the profundal zone
  • Plankton have short life spanswhen they die,
    they fall into the deep-water part of the
    lake/pond
  • Animals found are decomposers

16
Photic zone
  • Primary production in the photic zone is
    influenced by three major factors
  • Nutrients
  • Light- For photosynthesis
  • Grazing pressure-the rate at which the plants are
    eaten by herbivores. 

17
Photic zone
  • Nutrients, especially phosphate and nitrate, are
    often scarce in the photic zone because they are
    used up quickly by plants during photosynthesis.
  • External inputs of nutrients are received
    through
  • Rainfall
  • Riverflow
  • Weathering of rocks and soil 
  • Human activities- sewage dumping.

18
Benthic Zone
  • The area of the bottom. 
  • Many groups and varieties of animals live here, a
    few are worms, crustaceans, and protozoa.  
  • The life in this zone is mostly made up of bottom
    dwellers which get most of their food from dead
    and decaying organisms.  
  • most of the organisms in the benthic zone are
    scavengers because they depend on dead flesh as
    their main food source.

19
LAKES ECOSYSTEM
20
Clasification of Lake
  • Oligotrophic lakes- deep, nutrient-poor lakes in
    which the phytoplankton is not very productive.
  • The water is usually clear
  • Eutrophic lakes-shallow, nutrient-rich lakes with
    very productive phytoplankton.
  • The waters are usually murky due to large
    phytoplankton populations
  • the large amounts of matter being decomposed may
    result in oxygen depletion.

21
Lakes Ecosystem
  • A lake is bigger than a pond, and is too deep to
    support rooted plants except near the shore. Some
    lakes are big enough for waves to be produced.
  • Lakes may exist for hundreds of years or more.
  • Lakes are often classified as oligotrophic or
    eutrophic, depending on the amount of organic
    matter produced.

22
Oligotrophic lake
Eutrophic Lake
23
Examples of lakes
Taal volcano lake
Mitchigan lake
Silver lake
Lake lamonia
Grasmere lake
24
Layers of lake separated by density gradient.
25
1. Epilimnion
  •  the top-most layer in a thermally
    stratified lake.
  • It is warmer and typically has a higher pH and
    dissolved oxygen concentration than the
    hypolimnion.
  • It typically mixed as a result of surface
    wind-mixing.
  • Free to exchange dissolved gases (ie O2 and CO2)
    with the atmosphere.
  • It contains the most phytoplankton.

26
2. Thermocline
  • (sometimes metalimnion) is a thin but distinct
    layer in a large body of fluid (e.g. water, such
    as an ocean or lake, or air, such as an
    atmosphere).
  • Temperature changes more rapidly with depth than
    it does in the layers above or below.
  • Thermoclines may be a semi-permanent feature of
    the body of water in which they occur, or they
    may form temporarily in response to phenomena
    such as the radiative heating/cooling of surface
    water during the day/night.
  • Factors that affect the depth and thickness of a
    thermocline include seasonal weather variations,
    latitude, and local environmental conditions,
    such as tides and currents.

27
3. Hypolimnion
  • The hypolimnion is the dense, bottom layer of
    water in a thermally-stratified lake. It is the
    layer that lies below the thermocline.
  • Typically the hypolimnion is the coldest layer of
    a lake in summer, and the warmest layer during
    winter. Being at depth, it is isolated from
    surface wind-mixing during summer, and usually
    receives insufficient irradiance (light) for
    photosynthesis to occur.
  • In deep, temperate lakes, the bottom-most waters
    of the hypolimnion are typically close to 4C
    throughout the year. The hypolimnion may be much
    warmer in lakes at warmer latitudes.

28
BLUE LAKE
29
Mono Lake
Dal Lake
Okanagan Lake
Lake Titicaca 
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Lac Pavin in France is a meromictic crater lake
33
Lake Hoare
34
Freshwater biological communities of lakes
35
PONDS ECOSYSTEM
36
Ponds Ecosystem
  • A pond is a small, shallow body of fresh,
    standing water in which relatively calmwater and
    extensive plant growth.
  • The amount of dissolved oxygen may vary greatly
    during a day. In really cold places, the entire
    pond can freeze solid.
  • Water temperature is fairly even from top to
    bottom and changes with air temperature.

37
Types of ponds
  • Cypress Ponds
  • Bog Ponds
  • Meadow-Stream Ponds
  • Mountain Ponds
  • Farm Ponds

38
1. Cypress Ponds
  • Commonly found in the central or lower
    Mississippi Basin
  • Waters are described as being brownish in color
  • Many dry out during parts of the year.
  • Willows, bay trees mixed with cypress trees, grow
    along the shore and are often found out in the
    waters.

39
Cypress Pond on the Conecuh River near River
Falls, Alabama
40
2. Bog Ponds
  • Bog Ponds are often found in the moist
    temperature regions of North America.
  • Water is highly acidic and often muddy.
  • Alders and cedar trees dominate
  • Floating-leaf plants usually cover the surface.

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3. Meadow-Stream Ponds
  • Where streams widen and the speeds of its
    currents slow down tremendously.
  • The shallow part of the pond usually has an
    abundance of pondweeds, cattails, stoneworts and
    other plants.
  • Floating leafy plants on the surface of the
    water, such as lilies and water shields.

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4. Mountain Ponds
  • Formed by glaciers
  • Bottoms range from being rocky, graveled or
    muddy.
  • Most of the time Mountain Ponds have ice in them
    and they usually dry up at some point during the
    summer.
  • Sedges grow along its margins. In spite of the
    ponds short summer season, a variety of animals
    and plants live in these icy waters.

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5. Farm Ponds
  • Man-made ponds built to help keep the farmlands
    fertile.
  • It should also have a spillway to control the
    water level.
  • Farm ponds usually become abundant in fish, and
    are usually good waters for swimming and boating.
  • They should also fill from seepage, not from
    another stream which would fill the basin of the
    pond with silt and eventually kill the pond.

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Examples of ponds
49
VEGETATION IN LAKES AND PONDS ECOSYSTEM
50
Animals in Lakes and Ponds
Bitterling 
Green and Gold Bell Frog 
Bullfrog
Common Carp
Largemouth Bass 
Great Crested Grebe 
Great White Pelican 
Zambesi Softshell 
Platypus
Lake Trout 
51
Functions
  • Lakes and ponds typically contain a diversity of
    organisms that perform different ecological
    functions.
  • Lakes and ponds are an important source of fresh
    water for human consumption
  • Water has a high capacity for heat and earth is
    mostly covered with water, so the temperature of
    the atmosphere is kept fairly constant and able
    to support life.
  • Plankton which account for most of the
    photosynthesis on Earth found in lakes, ponds and
    oceans. Without, there might not be enough oxygen
    to support such a large world population and
    complex animal life.
  • We fish from the ponds and we often eat the fish
    we catch. Most of the time our water comes from
    the lakes and ponds, but purified.

52
Environmental Problems
  • Freshwater biomes have suffered mainly from
    pollution.
  • Runoff containing fertilizer and other wastes,
    and industrial dumpings enter into rivers, ponds,
    and lakes tend to promote abnormally rapid algae
    growth- ARTIFICAIL EUTROPHICATION
  • When algae die, dead organic matter ends up in
    the water. This makes the water unusable, and it
    kills many of the organisms living in the
    habitat.

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Possible Solution
  • Pond Aeration
  • To restore a pond or lake to a healthy condition,
    we must restore the natural processes that allow
    them to assimilate the nutrient load that it
    receives.
  • Ideally, nutrient inputs should be reduced or
    eliminated wherever possible. Only use
    phosphorus-free fertilizers on lawns.
  • Preventing nutrients from flowing down storm
    sewers is a good way to prevent pollution. 

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THE END
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